Mixed Methods Critique - 1252 Words

The use of mixed methods is currently increasing in social science research since it emphasizes methodological pluralism, and provides a broader and more credible understanding of the research problem than the use of a single method (Tashakkori and Teddlie 2010). However, mixing methods for no good reason other than the sake of it can produce disjointed and unfocussed research, and can severely test the capabilities of researchers. I raise some cautionary issues in this paper by critiquing the methodology in the journal article titled â€Å"Researching men: the politics and possibilities of a qualitative mixed-methods approach† published by Meth and McClymont (2011). Meth and McClymont (2011) explores the possibility and politics of using†¦show more content†¦The authors focused on justifying ‘mixed methods’ in its entirety and ignored justifying the use of each specific method used. Another point of critique is the sampling of the research participants. Meth and McClymont (2011) make a lot of sampling choices without explaining or justifying those choices. First they selected 20 men in the South African city of Durban but did not reveal the rationale for such selection. Obvious questions in this sampling choice are: why men and not women? Why 20 men and not 5, 50, or 100? Why the South African city of Durban? Apparently, they explained why they selected an informal settlement (Cato Crest) by indicating that the settlement have high incidence of violence (page, 911), and ignored justifying the selection of South African city of Durban. Regarding the research participants, even though the authors claim to use 20 male participants in their research, the entire paper centers on the stories and experiences of a single participant (a man called Sakhile). This raises questions of representation even within the 20 men selected. In discussing the use of visual images, the researches asked Sakhile to take twelve images illustrating his experience of violence (page 916). Again the question that arises is: why 12 images? The methodological error is rooted not in the selections per say, but in the failure to justify such selections. Finally, the ethics of research were not thoroughly considered in theShow MoreRelatedClinical Log 2 : Clinical Assessment1655 Words   |  7 PagesClinical log 2 As the clinical log 2, this essay examines a situation where the writer recognized the need for evidenced-based information, followed by the description and critique of the research article the writer tried to find the evidence. Then the essay is concluded with the reflection of learning through this assignment. Clinical Incident My preceptor is a full-time radiation therapist, conducting research to improve patients’ experience during their cancer treatment. Through the placementRead MoreUsing Qualitative And Qualitative Research1069 Words   |  5 Pagesauthors argue that mixed methods sampling with well-established qualitative and quantitative techniques can answer the research question in health sciences posted by mixed methods research designs in a new way. And data collection procedures for the mixed methods designs should based on concurrent and sequential forms of data collection, in order to make sure that the qualitative results can explain and interpret the findings of a quantitative study, and meanwhile, mixed methods are used to overcomeRead MoreThe Survival Of Indigenous Visual Cultures1379 Words   |  6 Pagesand Leibsohn use to the term hybrid as a production and enactment that challenges norms. â€Å"Hybridity and Its Discontents† is the most liberal of the three readings. It uses the term hybrid as a way to critique the cultural context in which it was able to be produced; Spanish conquest. It also, critiques visibility and how it can affect what is considered important within a cultural mixing to those studying art history. All the essays conclude that it would be impossible for art production by IndigenousRead MoreQualitative Research Critique II 2843 Words   |  4 PagesQUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE II 1 Qualitative Research Critique II Vanda McCray Liberty University Qualitative Research Critique II 2 The authors of this article method of data collection was based on a five-focus group and three individual interviews on theRead MoreDoes Technology Increase the Level of Participation in Middle School Students?1014 Words   |  5 PagesDissertation Critique Assignment RSCH9800 Jeremy Spencer Jeremy Spencer RSCH 9800 Dissertation Critique #1 Oravetz, C.L. (2011). Assessing middle school student participation in online vs. face-to-face environments. (Education Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002context=education_theses Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate if technology increases the level of participation in middle school students thus leadingRead MoreResearch Article Critique on Alzheimers Disease1720 Words   |  7 PagesArticle Critique 1 NURS 4922 1. Brodaty, H., Ames, D., Snowdon, J., Woodward, M., Kirwan, J., Clarnette, R., amp; ... Greenspan, D. (2005). Risperidone for psychosis of Alzheimers disease and mixed dementia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(12), 1153-1157. 2. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low dose risperidone in treating psychosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mixed dementiaRead MorePostoperative Pain Management Experiences Among School Aged Children1535 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Literature The first study under critique is titled â€Å"Postoperative pain management experiences among school-aged children: a qualitative study† (Sng et al., 2013). The purpose of their study is to explore postoperative pain experiences among school-aged children in Singapore, where they are a culturally diverse population. They used a phenomenology design in which to explore there lived experiences. Their research sample included children who were the age of six to twelve, could verballyRead MoreWhat Makes A Research For Software Engineering?1241 Words   |  5 Pagesview of research is more suited for software engineering. Shaw identifies three important characteristics in software engineering research, namely, research questions, research results and their validation. The research questions relate closely to methods of development, analysis, design and evaluation of software. Earlier, in her view, the research questions deal with design, development and testing of a software but now, it has moved towards the proposal of formal models with less experimental dataRead MoreEmpirical Sport Psychology Related Research Articles991 Words   |  4 PagesThe present review will analyze and critique five empirical sport psychology-related research articles. Moreover, the discussion of each article will include which statistical method was used, why it was used, and whether or not it was appropriate for the data. In addition, the article discussion will include a description and possible critique of the author’s interpretations of the results. Article 1 Lavalle (2005) evaluated the effectiveness of a life development intervention for retired professionalRead MoreEssay on Reconciliation between Science and Religion865 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they remind scientists the most important elements of research. The goals Four personal goals were stated in the first assignment but not all of them sustain after this semester. The first three goals are to think outside of the discipline, to critique a research design, and to understand threats to validity. My ability to accomplish these goals might still be at the elementary level, but in compare to at the beginning of the semester, I feel more comfortable to understand criminology from a different

Cultural Identity - 1988 Words

Culture is a term that is used heavily in conversation, yet little do people know what culture really is. It may be difficult to talk about culture and to define it, but it is even harder for people to understand how culture has shaped their lives. It is also hard for them to be able to breakdown and analyze their own culture. For some reason, it is challenging for us as people to be able to see the way that society and relationships have affected the way that they view people and situations. Being able to view our culture from an outside perspective is a difficult task which gets more confusing when you try to identify markers that shaped who you are as a person. If I answered the question â€Å"what is your identity?† while†¦show more content†¦I have never experienced discrimination myself, but I do think that there are ways that others see us, as a whole, that are not always true. White people are seen as being discriminative, rich, and privileged, rather than be ing equal to those around us. I feel as though people of minority are open to a wider variety of scholarships, versus those of the majority. Do not get me wrong, I do understand that there are things that the majority are offered, that the minorities are not. I feel as though if I was to put myself into the shoes of a minority race, I would be able to better identify and understand the racism problem in the United States. After the discussions that we have had in class, I realize that the idea or need to feel â€Å"whiter† is a big problem for those that are of the minority race. People, no matter what race they identify as, have pressure to be lighter or darker. I personally feel like I need to tan to become a darker skin tone for the simple fact that being too pale is seen as being sickly. Although I feel like I may have been a bit biased or unaware of the racial discrimination of all races, I feel like I am very perceptive when it comes to sexual orientation. I identify to be heterosexual which means that I am attracted to the opposite sex. I currently am in a four and a half year relationship with a man that I use to know little about. In high school, we would walk to each other’s classes and kissShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cultural Identity1114 Words   |  5 PagesCulture identity development is an important part of every life due the emergence of self through primary and sociocultural contexts (Ecklund, 2016). These stages of development are made up of either a dominant or a non-dominant group and intersectional adaptation. More specifically, cultural identity is a self-construct where individuals share the same culture, which causes them to attribute themselves to that group (Ecklund, 2016). Being a part of the dominant culture in the United States has openedRead MoreThe Current Challenges of Cultural Identity Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesCultural identity refers to the feeling belonging to a certain culture that is attributed to the upbr inging of an individual in the given culture. Cultural identity gives a person the sense of belonging and belonging towards their culture. Modern cultural studies show that cultural identification has taken a new face. Various cultural identifiers can be used to identify the culture of an individual. These identifiers include nationality, language, location, gender, religious beliefs, history, andRead MoreCultural Identity1133 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Hay’s addressing model, my cultural identities as a Latina woman of low socioeconomic status makes me part of non-dominant groups. My identities set me apart from the majority population which means that; I am perceived inferior than those of dominant groups. My lineage constitutes of indigenous ancestors that like me, share a darker skin tone that till this day is seen imperfect. My parents immigrated to this country in 1996, a year before I was born. My father and his familyRead MoreCultural Identity And Cultural Values1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes internalized and therefore is a driving force in the formation of our unique identities. Cultural identity thus becomes an expression of our governing systems of kinship, ethnicity, race and religion, interacting with the social, economic and political world around us (Hall, 1995). In this way, cultural identity represents the extent we feel connected to and a part of a given cultural group. While identity formation is a fluid construct which is subject to evolution and influence, one couldRead MoreCultural Identity1083 Words   |  5 PagesLaurel Monk 03.04.2015 Mrs. Erica Secor Cultural Identity Paper Culture in today’s society has become a very big deal. Different types of culture evolve every day, based on the new ways that are emerging and the opinions different groups of people are coming together to believe in. Each person can socially identify with many different cultures and subcultures based on the things they believe in and like to do. They can also be based on things like how they were raised and the people who influencedRead MoreEthnic Identity And Cultural Identity1204 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic identity much like racial identity is difficult to clearly discern and delineate. As a social construct, it is an umbrella term that mark a group affiliation to a common origin, culture, religion, or geography; it consists of shared traditions, behaviors, values and beliefs. (Waters, 1990) Outlining the elements and components of ethnic identity, Phinney and Ong (2007) stress its multidimensionality and dynamism, it encompasses several cultural, linguistic, behavioral features as well as beingRead MoreMy Cultural Identity1173 Words   |  5 Pagesdon’t know very well- ourselves.† Writing about my values has gave me a better understanding of who I am. I now understand the several ways my culture has shaped me to become who I am. My cultural autobiography will allow me to reveal who I truly am by understanding my cultural identity. My cultural identity is the combination of my worldview and values as well as my position in the eight microcultures. My worldview is that I get what I give. I believe I only get out what I put inRead MoreStuart Halls Cultural Identity and Diaspora1599 Words   |  7 PagesOuahani Nasr-edine A Paper about Stuart Hall’s article: Cultural Identity and Diaspora Stuart hall talks about the crucial role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† in promoting the Afro-Caribbean cultural identities, the Diaspora hybridity and difference. Hall argues that the role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† is not simply to reflect what is already there; rather, their crucial role is to produce representations which constantly constitute the third world’s peoples as new subjects against their representationsRead MoreLanguage And Cultural Identity Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining cultural identity Over the last few decades, the relationship between language and cultural identities have become a preferred topic in learning the importance of language in maintaining cultural identity. The question that keeps popping up concerns, the role of language in keeping these social aspects. For instance, how language is important in maintaining cultural identity when people migrate from one nation to another. Perhaps, when people immigrate to a new country their cultural identityRead MoreMy Cultural Identity Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Identity Essay Krishal Sharma | Period: 2 | 9/15/17#1 Everyone has their own, one of a kind cultural identity and culture. Your culture could be anything like an interest in technology or what hobbies you like even food. My cultural identity would not exist if it wasn t for what I value the most and what I love the most. In the world, nowadays people like a lot of things such as music. But what I like is completely different, There is one that influences my cultural identity and

Short Story - 741 Words

Well, lets go inside,† said her grandmother. The expression on her grandmother’s face showed her excitement for a new granddaughter. Sophia saw the reflection of her bright smile on the hospital door and wondered, â€Å"Will she look like mom? What color hair will she have? I don’t know, I just want to see her.† Walking through the hospital, she heard from a nurse her mother was on the fourth floor. Sophia sighed, â€Å"I just want to see her.† She had to wait even longer as they wandered throughout the hospital, seeing many doctors and nurses doing their jobs. She noticed a nurse use hand sanitizer and thought, â€Å"I could never touch her precious skin with dirty hands neither will anyone else.† Her hand went under the pump as she pushed the†¦show more content†¦She remembers going outside, on a snow day and learning from her mother to work hard. They constructed a snow fort and capered in the snow. Anytime her family is nearby, she will always be interested in the activity. Sophia Villegas, an outgoing and caring young woman with specific interests of music and television and she knows how to devote her time. Only music by Khalid can make her get up and move, unless â€Å"One Tree Hill† has her attention on the television. When the TV is turned off, Sophia is outside in the summer’s heat working on her tan. By the time winter comes around and it’s time for Christmas, Sophia spends her time with her loved ones. They decorate the tree and make delicious holiday food. According to Sophia there’s nothing better than making lasagna with her family and she hopes the tradition will live on in her future. In Sophia’s dreams, her major goal in life is to attend college at Bowling Green or Ashland. She aspires to become a therapist, so she can help people in need. After she begins her career, she wants to start a family in Ohio and avoid leaving the state. Staying close to home and where she grew up, Sophia hopes her future children develop in a similar environment as she did. Sometime in her life, Sophia will jump off a cliff so she can have the experience of feeling the rush as she falls to the water. Not all wishes can come true, but that doesn’t stop Sophia from dreaming. If possibleShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events Short Story - 741 Words Leaha fought the urge to focus on the screen that buzzed to life in her lap. The laptop could use a hell of an upgrade, one she already mapped out. But for now it would do, specially considering that it could not be tracked. Leaha wanted to dig into the files she had stolen, not only to learn what had set off the attack against them. But also to learn more about the people around her now. Leaha had never really trusted anyone, and the fact that she had almost allowed it before all this only pissed her off. But it proved her feelings on trusting others right in smooth move. She took a breath and began to try and focus on eating. She needed to stay strong if she was going to survive all this. We need to cover our tracks, and to get to†¦show more content†¦Leaha stood and reached into her pockets but kept her hands hidden, Ari, what the ever living fuck do you think you are doing? Shes purposely broadcasting our location. Leaha dropped the bit of information like a bomb, seemingly ready to strike the moment Ari made one wrong move. Where is it? Hand it over right the fuck now! [hr] [floatleft][img height=200]http://my.carid.com/sites/default/files/molly_truong_3.jpg[/img][/floatleft] [b]Name:[/b] [url=https://elliquiy.com/forums/index.php?topic=271429.msg13415566#msg13415566]Mira Chae Won[/url] [b]Age:[/b] 17 [b]Power:[/b] Animal Shifting, heightened senses, communication with animals, Increased healing factor [b]Clothing:[/b] [url=http://gloimg.zaful.com/zaful/pdm-product-pic/Clothing/2016/11/26/thumb-img/1492556750236875958.jpg]her shifting suit under a pair of baggie sweats and t-shirt,no shoes[/url] [b]Additional Information: [/b] [hr]Mira moved to a free seat as the others began piling into the house. She looked around her and saw so many tired and unsettled faces. Normally sittng down to a meal would have been a welcomed moment between the teens. But now it seemed like a robotic response to having their world torn apart. And to think they had all thought that they had finally found home. It seemed that they were all wrong. Taking a breath she gave her meat to whom ever wanted it and began to nibble on her stew. It was weird, she had been hunting in one animal form or another. But doing soShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

A close reading of Beowulf and the contradictions made...

The epic poem Beowulf contains contradictions about the heroic character of the protagonist Beowulf. Two certain passages in Beowulf, one at the beginning of the text and one near the end, offer evidence of inconsistencies within Beowulf s character. We must ask one question of the poem s protagonist: Is he really the hero he claims to be? Certain aspects of Beowulf s integrity, mainly his lies about people s perceptions of him, contradict the conventional classification of a hero. The legend of Beowulf begins with King Hrothgar, who is in a dilemma because Grendel, an evil monster, has been unremittingly attacking Heorot for twelve years. Beowulf, a warrior and thane of the Geat King Hygelac, hears of this and decides that he must go†¦show more content†¦Evidence of the true sentiments toward Beowulf from his kin can be seen when the poet writes he had been poorly regarded for a long time, was taken by the Geats for less than he was worth: and their lord too had never much esteemed him in the mead-hall(2183-2186). This sentence explains that Beowulf was not held in such high esteem as he would have liked. His decision to go to Heorot is an attempt to assert his worth to his family and people because they firmly believed he lacked force, that the prince was a weakling [...](2187-88). Beowulf, who holds Hygelac in high regard, wants to defeat Grendel to make Hygelac proud. If Beowulf is a weakling, how is it that he was the only one able to fight and defeat the indestructible Grendel? Beowulf somehow knows that it is his destiny to defeat Grendel, which may be the true reason for abruptly deciding to travel to Heorot. For twelve years, no one in Heorot could stop Grendel. They tried time and again to kill him by using any kind of weaponry they could forge. How is it that a newly arrived foreigner defeat Grendel without any armor or weapons? It must be because God had helped the hero. This is apparent in Beowulf s many references to God: Whichever one death fells must deem it a just judgment by God (440-41) and the Geat placed complete trust in his strength of limb in the Lord s favor (669-670). The Oxford English dictionary defines a hero as a man distinguished by extraordinary valour andShow MoreRelatedThe Final Lines From Beowulf s Speech1804 Words   |  8 Pagesspeech when he asks Hrothgar for permission to fight Grendel (ll. 440-455). In these final lines Beowulf envisions the scene of Grendel’s victory. How does our translation use alliteration, assonance, and compound words to make vivid the nature of Grendel, the devastating effects of that possible victory, and the necessary acceptance of God’s will and the working of fate? S2 Answer #1 - Beowulf: Our translation almost seems to create key-words in the lines that contain alliteration and assonanceRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagestested by a seductive male Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · patriotism grows instills pride creates common agreement about issues shows differences between Americans and Europeans Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · tells readers how to interpret what they are reading to encourage Revolutionary War support instructive in values American Renaissance/Romanticism period of American Literature - 18001855 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · writing that can be interpreted 2 ways, on the surface for common folk or in depthRead MoreLiterary Devices in Pride and Prejudice8198 Words   |  33 Pagesideas, feelings, and emotions. The topicality of the theme is based on the growing interest on the study of the concept of stylistic devices of the English language. The novelty of the research is that the analyses of stylistic devices have been made on analyses of the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†. It is necessary to tell, that the main aim of our work is analysis of lexical stylistic devices that are used in Jane Austen’s novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† as one of the peculiarities of the author’s

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 35~36 Free Essays

string(22) " not passed by birth\." CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE Yeah, but You Can’t Dance to It The Colonel was standing in the middle of the mother-of-pearl amphitheater when the whaley boys led Nate in. â€Å"You two go on now,† the Colonel said to the whaley boys. â€Å"Nate can find his way back. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 35~36 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"You came out of your lair,† Nate said. The Colonel looked older, more drawn than when Nate had seen him before. â€Å"I don’t want to be in contact with the Goo for what I’m going to tell you.† â€Å"I thought it didn’t get information that way,† Nate said. The Colonel ignored him. â€Å"I was hoping you would have had a brainstorm to solve my problem, Nate, but you haven’t, have you?† â€Å"I’m working on it. It’s more complex –  » â€Å"You’ve been distracted. I’m disappointed, but I understand. She’s a piece of work, isn’t she? And I mean that in the best sense of the word. Never forget that I chose to send her to you.† Nate wondered how much the Colonel knew about them and how he knew it. Reports from the whaley boys? From the Goo itself, through osmosis or some extended nervous system? â€Å"Distraction has nothing to do with it. I’ve thought a lot about your problem, and I’m not sure I agree with you. What makes you think the Goo is going to destroy humanity?† â€Å"It’s a matter of time. That’s all. I need you to carry a message for me, Nate. You’ll be responsible for saving the human race. That should go some measure toward consoling you.† â€Å"Colonel, is there any chance you can be more direct, less cryptic, and tell me for once what the hell you’re talking about?† â€Å"I want you to go to the U.S. Navy. They need to know about the threat of the Goo. One well-placed nuclear torpedo should do it. It’s deep enough that they shouldn’t have any problem justifying it to other countries. There won’t be any fallout. They’re just going to need someone credible to convince them of the threat. You.† â€Å"What about the people down here? I thought you wanted to save them.† â€Å"I’m afraid they’re going to be a necessary sacrifice, Nate. What are five thousand or so people, most of whom have lived longer than they would have on the surface, compared with the whole human race, six billion?† â€Å"You crazy bastard! I’m not going to try to convince the navy to nuke five thousand people and all the whaley boys as well. And you’re more deluded than I thought if you think they’d do it on my word.† â€Å"Oh, I don’t expect that. I expect they’ll send down their own research team to confirm what you tell them, but when they get here, I’ll see to it that they get the message that the Goo is a threat. In any case you’ll survive.† â€Å"I think you’re wrong about the Goo finding us dangerous. And even if you were right, what if it just decides to wait us out? On the Goo’s time scale, it can just take a nap until we’re extinct. I’m not doing it.† â€Å"I’m sorry you feel that way, Nate. I guess I’ll have to find another way.† Nate suddenly realized that he’d blown it – his chance to escape. Once he was outside Gooville, there would have been nothing to force him to do what the Colonel wanted. Or maybe there would be. Right then he wanted very badly to see Amy. â€Å"Look, Colonel, maybe I can do something. Couldn’t you just evacuate Gooville? Drop all the people on an island. Let the whaley boys find somewhere else to live. I mean, if I reveal the Goo to the world, it’s all sort of going to be out of the bag anyway. I mean –  » â€Å"I’m sorry, Nate, I don’t believe you. I’ll take care of it. Evacuation wouldn’t make any difference to the people here anyway. And the whaley boys shouldn’t exist in the first place. They’re an abomination.† â€Å"An abomination? That’s not the scientist I knew talking.† â€Å"Oh, I admit that they are fabulous creatures, but they would have never evolved naturally. They are a product of this war, and their purpose has been served. As has mine, as has yours. I’m sorry we didn’t see eye to eye on this. Go now.† Just like that, this crazy bastard was going to plan B, and Nate had no idea how to stop him. Maybe that was what he was really brought here for. Maybe the Colonel was like someone who makes a suicide attempt as a cry for help, rather than an earnest attempt to end his life. And Nate had missed it. He started to back away from the Colonel, desperately trying to think of something he could say to change the situation, but nothing was coming to him. When he reached the passageway, the Colonel called out to him from the steps by the giant iris. â€Å"Nate. I promised you, and you deserve to know.† Nate turned and came a few steps back into the room. The Colonel smiled, a sad smile, resolved. â€Å"It’s a prayer, Nate. The humpback song is a prayer to the source, to their god. The song is in praise of and in thanks to the Goo.† Nate considered it. A life’s work contemplating a question, and this was the answer? No way. â€Å"Why only male singers, then?† â€Å"Well, they’re males. They’re praying for sex, too, aren’t they? The females choose the mates – they don’t need to ask.† â€Å"There’s no way to prove that,† Nate said. â€Å"And no one to prove it to, Nate, not down here, but it’s the truth. Whale song was the first culture, the first art on this planet, and, like most of human art, it celebrates that which is greater than the artist. And the Goo likes it, Nate, it likes it.† â€Å"I don’t believe it. There’s no evolutionary pressure for it to be prayer.† â€Å"It’s a meme, Nate, not a gene. The song is learned behavior, not passed by birth. You read "Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 35~36" in category "Essay examples" It has its own agenda: to be replicated, imitated. And it was reinforced. Have you ever seen a starved humpback, Nate?† Nate thought about it. He’d seen sick animals, and injured animals, but he’d never seen a starved humpback. Nor had he ever heard of one. The Colonel must have seen something in Nate’s reaction. â€Å"There’s your reinforcement. The Goo looks after them, Nate. It likes the song. I wouldn’t be surprised if all of whale evolution – size, for instance – was accelerated by the Goo. We should have never started killing them. We wouldn’t be at this juncture if we hadn’t killed them.† â€Å"But we’ve stopped,† was all that Nate could think to say. â€Å"Too late,† the Colonel said with a sigh. â€Å"Our mistake was getting the Goo’s attention. Now it has to end. The gene has had its three and a half billion years as the driving force of life. I suppose now the meme will have its turn. You and I will never know. Good-bye, Nate.† The iris opened, and the Colonel walked into the Goo. Nate ran all the way home, not sure how he had navigated through the labyrinth of tunnels, but found his way without having to backtrack. Amy wasn’t at his apartment. His pulse was throbbing in his temples as he approached the buzzy, bug-winged speaky thing to try to call her, but he decided instead to go directly to her on foot. He checked at her place, and then at her mother’s, then at every place they’d ever been together. Not only was Amy gone, but no one had seen her mother either. Nate slept fitfully, tortured by the notion of what the Colonel might have done to Amy because of his own stubbornness. In the morning he went searching for her again, asking everyone he encountered, including the whaley boys by the bakery, but no one had seen her. On the second day he went back through the corridors to the Colonel’s mother-of-pearl amphitheater and pounded on the giant black iris until his fists were bruised. There was no response but a dull thud that echoed in the huge empty chamber. â€Å"I’ll do what you want, Ryder!† Nate screamed. â€Å"Don’t hurt her, you crazy fuck! I’ll do what you want. I’ll bring the navy down on this place and sterilize it, if that’s what you want – just give her back.† When at last he gave up, he turned and slid down the iris facing the amphitheater. There were six killer-whale-colored whaley boys standing in the passageway opposite him, watching. They weren’t grinning or snickering for once – just watching him. The largest of them, a female, let loose a quick whistle, and they crossed the amphitheater, walking in a crescent-shaped hunting formation toward him. Short of being a professional surfer or a bong test pilot for the Rastafarian air force, Kona thought he had found the perfect job. He sat in a comfortable chair watching sound spectrograms scroll across one computer monitor, while on another a program picked out the digital sequence in the subsonic signal and broke it into text. All Kona had to do was watch for something meaningful to come across the screen. Strange thing was, he really had started to learn about spectrographs and waveforms and all manner of whale behavior, and he was meeting the day feeling as if he was really doing something. He ran his hand over his scalp and shuddered as he read the nonsense text that was scrolling across the window. Auntie Clair had bought him four forties of Old English 800 malt liquor, then waited until he’d drunk them, before persuading him to let her cut his dreads down so they matched on both sides (because his true natural state should be one of balance, she said. She was tricky, Auntie Clair). The problem was, in jail his dreads had been almost completely torn off on one side, so by the time she finished evening things out, he was pretty much bald. Out of deference to his religious beliefs (to allow him a reservoir for his abundant strength in Jah, mon), Clair had left him a single dread anchored low on the back of his head, which made it look as if a fat worm was exiting his skull after a hearty meal of brain cells in ganja sauce. And speaking of the sacred herb, Kona was just on the verge of sparking up a bubbling smoky scuba snack of the dankest and skunkingish nugs when the text scrolling across the screen ceased being nonsense and started being important. He took a quick sip of bong water to steady his nerves, placed the sacred vessel on the floor at his feet, then hit the key that sent the streaming text to the printer. He stood and waited, bouncing on the balls of his feet for the printer to expectorate three sheets of text, then snatched the pages and dashed out the door to Clay’s cabin. â€Å"I must be out of my mind,† Clay said. His suitcase was on the bed, and he was taking clothes out of the drawers and putting them into the case, while Clair was taking clothes out of the case, grouping them by a precise system he would never understand, and replacing them in the suitcase so that he would never find anything until he returned home and she helped him unpack. They had done this a lot. â€Å"I must be nuts,† Clay said. â€Å"I can’t just go wandering around the oceans randomly looking for a lost friend. I’ll look like that little bird in the book, the one that walks around asking everyone, ‘Are you my mother? ; â€Å"Sartre’s Being and Nothingness?† Clair offered. â€Å"Right. That’s the one. It’s ridiculous to even leave port until we have something to go on – steaming around, burning up fifty gallons of fuel an hour. The Old Broad may have money stashed, but she doesn’t have that kind of money.† â€Å"Well, maybe something will turn up in the whale calls.† â€Å"I hope. Libby and Margaret have a lot of sonic data streaming in from Newport, but it’s still like looking for a needle in a haystack. Clair, she saw guys climbing into a whale –  » â€Å"So, baby, what’s the worst that happens? You go to sea and do your best to find Nate and you fail? How many people ever did their best at anything? You can always sell the ship later. Where is it now anyway?† Just then the screen door fired back on its hinges and smacked against the outside wall with the report of a rifle shot. Kona came tumbling through the door waving pages of copy paper as if they were white flags and he was surrendering to everyone in the general Maui area. â€Å"Bwana Clay!† Kona threw the pages down on Clay’s suitcase. â€Å"It’s the Snowy Biscuit!† Clay picked up the pages, looked at them quickly, and handed one to Clair. Over and over the message was repeated: 41.93625S__76.17328W__-623__CLAY U R NOT NUTS__AMY Clay looked at Kona. â€Å"This was imbedded in the whale song.† â€Å"Yah, mon. Blue whale, I think. Just came in.† â€Å"Go back and see if there’s more. And find the big world map. It’s in the storeroom somewhere.† â€Å"Aye, aye,† said Kona, who had begun to speak much more nautically since Clay had purchased the ship, making his bid to go along on the voyage to search for Nate. He ran back to the office. â€Å"You think it’s from Amy?† Clair said. â€Å"I think it’s either from Amy or from someone who knows everything about what we’re doing, which means it would have to be someone Amy talked to.† â€Å"What are the numbers?† â€Å"A longitude and a latitude. I’ll have to look at the map, but it’s somewhere in the South Pacific.† â€Å"I know it’s a longitude and a latitude, Clay, but what’s the minus six hundred and some?† â€Å"It’s where pilots usually express altitude.† â€Å"But it’s a minus.† â€Å"Yep.† Clay snatched the phone off of his night table and dialed the Old Broad as Clair looked quizzically at him. â€Å"Equipment change,† he whispered to Clair, covering the receiver with his hand. â€Å"Hello, Elizabeth, yes, things are going really well. Yes, they’ve picked up considerably. Yes. Look, I hate to ask this – I know you’ve done so much – but I may need one other little thing before we go to look for Nate and your James.† Clair shook her head at Clay’s blatant playing of the missing-husband-shoved-up-a-whale’s-bum card. â€Å"Yes, well, it may be a little expensive,† Clay continued. â€Å"But I’m going to need a submarine. No, a small submarine will be fine. If you want it to be yellow, Elizabeth, we’ll paint it yellow.† After fifteen minutes of cajoling and consoling the Old Broad, making calls to Libby Quinn and the ship broker in Singapore (who offered him a quantity discount if he bought more than three ships in one month), Clay stood over a world map that was roughly the size of a Ping-Pong table, which Kona had spread out over the office floor, pinning the corners down with coffee cups. â€Å"It’s right there, off the coast of Chile,† Clair said. She taught fourth-graders, and therefore basic world geography, so she could read a map like nobody’s business. Kona placed a bottle cap on the spot where Clair was pointing. â€Å"We’ll need nautical charts and the ship’s GPS to be exact, but, basically, yep, that’s where it is.† He looked at Kona. â€Å"Nothing else since that message?† â€Å"Same thing for five minutes, then just normal whale gibberish. You think the Snowy Biscuit is with Nate?† â€Å"I think she knew me well enough to know that I’d be thinking I was crazy to be looking. I also think that even if I believe the Old Broad’s story about her husband, that doesn’t explain how Amy was able to stay down for an hour on fifteen minutes’ worth of air, so there was something going on with her that could be connected to this weirdness. She obviously knows more than we know, but – most important – we have nowhere else to look.† Kona looked at Clair, as if maybe she would answer his question. She nodded, and he resumed drinking his beer. Clay got down on his hands and knees on the map. â€Å"The ship broker says there’s a deepwater three-man sub here, in Chuuk, Micronesia, that’s about to finish up with some filming they’re doing of deep shipwrecks.† Kona put a bottle cap on the atoll of Chuuk, Micronesia. â€Å"The owners will let me lease it for up to two months, but then a research team has it reserved for a deepwater survey in the Indian Ocean. The Clair is here, just north of Samoa.† Clay pointed. Kona put a third bottle cap just north of Samoa and did his best to drink off that beer while balancing the other two that he’d opened to get the caps. â€Å"So the Clair can probably be in Chuuk in three days. I’ll fly in and meet them, pick up the sub, and then we can probably steam to these co-ordinates in four or five days if we cruise at top speed,† Clay said. â€Å"Now we’re here –  » â€Å"We can’t be, we can’t be there,† said Kona. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"Out of beers.† â€Å"So you get to that spot. Then what?† Clair asked. â€Å"Then I get in a submarine and see what there is to see six hundred and twenty-three feet down.† â€Å"So we’re sure it’s feet, not meters?† â€Å"No. I’m not sure.† â€Å"Well, I just want you to know that I am not comfortable with you doing this sort of thing, Clay.† â€Å"But I’ve always done this sort of thing. I sort of do this sort of thing for a living.† â€Å"So what’s your point?† Clair asked. CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX Black and White and Red All Over Once, off the coast of California, Nate had followed a pod of killer whales as they attacked a mother gray whale and her calf. They first approached in formation to separate the calf from the mother, and then, as one group broke from the pod to keep the mother busy, the others took turns leaping upon the calf’s back to drown it – even as the mother thrashed her great tail and circled back, trying to protect her calf. The whole hunt had taken more than six hours, and when it ended, finally, the killer whales took turns hitting the exhausted calf, keeping in a perfect formation even as they ripped great chunks of flesh from its still-living body. Now, in the amphitheater, as the killer whaley boys approached – their teeth flashing, the breath from their blowholes puffing like steam engines – the biologist thought that he was probably experiencing exactly what that gray-whale calf had during that gruesome hunt. Except, of course, that Nate was wearing s neakers, and gray whales almost never did. It was a big room. He had space to move. He just had to get around them. His sneakers squeaked on the floor as he came down the steps, faked right, then went left at a full sprint. The whaley boys, while amazingly agile in the water, were somewhat clumsy on land. Half of them fell for the fake so badly that they’d need a postcard to tell them how it all came out. They stooged into a whaley pile near the steps. The remaining three pursuers tried to fan out into a new formation, the alpha female coming the closest to getting between Nate and the exit. Nate was running in a wide arc around the amphitheater now, and by virtue of sheer speed he could tell he’d beat at least two of the remaining killers, but the alpha female was going to intersect with him before he got clear. She probably weighed three times what he did, so there was no going though her with a vicious body check. Maybe if he’d been on skates, he’d have tried it: pit his pure, innate Canadian skating force against her paltry cetacean hunting instinct and drive that bitch to the mother of pearl. But there were no skates, no ice, so at the very last second, as the female was about to slam him in a bone-breaking crunch against one of the benches that lined the walls, Nate pulled a spin fake, a move that was much more Boitano than Gretzky but nevertheless sent the big female tumbling over a bench in a tangle of black-and-white and ivory – like a flaccid piano botching the vaulting horse. Nate high-stepped the last twenty yards to the door, thinking, Yeah, three million years of walking upright not for nothing. Rookie. Meat. About the third step into his jubilation, Nate heard the sound of a great expulsion of air from his right, then a wet splat. Suddenly he saw his sneakers waving before his face. He felt the freedom of weightlessness, the exhilaration of flight, and then it was all gone as he slammed to the floor, knocking the wind out of himself. He slid to a stop in the huge loogie of whale spit that one of the trailing males had expectorated at his feet. Had he been able to breathe, he might have called a foul, but instead he struggled to get to his feet as the two males closed on him, showing dagger-toothed grins as they approached. Oh, my God, they’re going to eat me! he thought, but then he saw that they both had unsheathed their long pink penises and were leading with a sort of a pelvic thrust. Oh, my God, they’re going to fuck me! he thought. But when they got to him, one picked him up by the arms and bent him over forward, and he felt the great teeth scraping his scalp as his he ad slipped into the whaley boy’s mouth. No, they’re definitely going to eat me, Nate thought. And in that suspension of time, right before the final crunch, amid the slow motion of an infinite last moment, clarity came to him, even as he screamed, and he thought, This is probably not going to go as well as the last time I was eaten. There’s probably not going to be a girl at the end of this one. And then the female whistled shrilly, and the male stopped biting down just as his teeth were starting to cut into Nate’s cheeks. The biting male pulled back and apologetically wiped saliva and blood from Nate’s face, then propped him up and fluffed him a little, as if to show that he was good as new. Nate was still being held fast by the other male, but the biter was grinning sheepishly at the alpha female and making a squeaking noise that Nate, even with his limited understanding of whaleyspeak, understood as meaning â€Å"oops.† A half hour later they threw him into his apartment, and the alpha female grinned at him as she tore the stainless-steel doorknob out of the wall. The wall bled for a while after she left, then clotted over and rapidly began to heal. Nate stumbled into his bathroom and looked at himself in the mirror. There were bloody gashes down his forehead and cheeks. In another place and time, he realized, he would have gone to the emergency room to get stitched up. His hair was matted with blood, and he could feel at least four deep dents in his scalp where the whaley boy’s teeth had broken the skin. There was a large knot at the back of his head where he’d hit the floor when he fell, and evidently he’d hit an elbow, too, because every time he bent his right arm, a sharp, biting pain shot all the way down to his fingertips. He pulled off his bloodstained clothes and climbed into the shower. Then, ignoring the strange fixtures that usually gave him pause, he leaned against the shower walls and let the water run over him until the bloody crust was gone from his hair and his fingers had shriveled with the moisture. He dried himself, then collapsed into his bed, wishing for a last time before he fell asleep that Amy was there, safe, next to him. He slept deeply and dreamed of a time when all the oceans were filled with a single living organism, wrapped like a cocoon around a single huge land mass. And in his dream he could feel the texture of every shore as if it were pressed against his skin. Nate awoke in the early hours before light came up in the grotto. He went into his living room and sat in the dark by the big oval picture window that looked out over the street and, ultimately, the Gooville harbor. There were shapes out there moving in the dark. Every now and then he’d catch the reflection of some dim light on a whaley boy’s skin, but mostly he could tell they were out there by the sonar clicks that echoed around the grotto and by the low, trilling whistles of whaley-boy conversation. After an hour sitting there in the dark, he padded to the door and tried to open it. There was nothing but a smooth scar where the doorknob had been. The seal around the door was so tight it might have been part of the walls that framed it. In trying to work his fingers into the doorjamb, he realized that his elbow wasn’t grating as it had been when he went to bed. He reached up to touch the gashes across his forehead and felt the scab flake away as easily and painlessly as dry skin. He immediately went to the bathroom and looked at himself in the mirror under the bright yellow bioluminescence. The gashes were healed. Completely healed. He brushed away the dried blood that had seeped after his shower to find new, healthy skin. It was the same with the dents in his scalp and the great goose egg at the base of his skull. He didn’t even have a sore spot. He returned to the living room, fell into the chair by the window, and watched the light come up in the grotto. Outside, there was a lot of movement in the street and the harbor, and, watching it, Nate started to feel sick to his stomach, despite his miraculous healing. All the movement outside was that of whaley boys. There wasn’t a single human out there anywhere. For two days he didn’t see any other humans in Gooville, and even when he had screwed up his courage to use the buzzy, bug-winged speaky thing on the wall, he realized that he had no idea how to make it connect. By noon on the third day, he decided that he had to get out of the apartment. Not only couldn’t he find Amy or do anything else while in here, but he was rapidly running out of food. He reasoned that the best time to make a break for it was in the middle of the day, when it seemed that the number of whaley boys out on the street was sparsest, because so many of them went down to the water at that time to swim. He dressed in long pants and sleeves for protection, then made the first attempt at the window. He tore one of the bone chairs from the floor in the kitchen, wiggling it first, as if loosening a baby tooth. He cast the chair at the center of the window with all his strength, preparing as he did to make the ten-foot leap to the street when it went though. But it didn’t. It bounced back into the room. Next he looked for something sharp to try to puncture the window, but the only thing he could come up with were shards of the mirror in the bathroom, and although the mirror spider-webbed when he struck it, his fist wrapped in a towel, the shards stayed adhered to the bathroom wall, so all he’d really done was create a shiny mosaic. Finally, frustrated after three hours of ineffective attacks on the big window, he decided to hit it with the heaviest thing in the apartment: his body. He backed into the bedroom, sped through the living room, leaped into the air about halfway across, curled into a ball, and braced for impact. The window bulged out about three feet, until it appeared to the whaley boys outside that someone inside was trying to blow a giant bubble, and then it sprang back, trampolining Nate across the room into the far wall. At the bottom of the wall someone had installed a couch for just such an emergency, and Nate slid neatly into it with his newly flattened side down. â€Å"Well, that was just stupid,† he said aloud. â€Å"Boy, that was stupid,† Cielle Nuà ±ez said. She came into the living room and sat in a chair across from where Nate was piled onto the couch. â€Å"You want to tell me what in the hell you started?† â€Å"How did you get in? The knob is gone.† â€Å"Not on the outside. Come on, Nate, what did you do? Every human in Gooville has been locked down for the last three days. If I weren’t the captain of a whale ship, I wouldn’t have been able to come here either.† â€Å"I didn’t do anything, Cielle, honestly. Where’s Amy?† â€Å"No one knows. Believe me, that was the first place they went.† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Who do you think? The whaley boys. They’ve taken over everything. Humans aren’t even allowed near the ships. Ever since some of them heard you yelling about bringing the navy down here.† â€Å"I was. He has Amy, Cielle. I was just trying to get her back.† â€Å"Him? The Colonel? Why would he take Amy? She’s one of the few who’ve ever even seen him. She’s a favorite.† â€Å"Yeah, well no one is his favorite now.† Right then Nate made a decision. He wasn’t going to get out of this place on his own, and the only person he could even consider an ally was sitting right there in front of him. â€Å"Cielle, the reason the Colonel called your ships back, the reason no one is allowed to leave the harbor, is that he wants you all here when the place comes down. He’s got some plan to get the U.S. Navy, or somebody’s navy, to attack Gooville with a nuclear torpedo. He thinks that the Goo is going to destroy the human race if he doesn’t destroy it first. He wanted me to go to the navy. He thought I could convince them of the threat because of my scientific credibility, but I said no. That’s when he took Amy.† â€Å"So all that yelling I heard you doing in the amphitheater – that wasn’t you talking about bringing the navy here, that was just you trying to get Amy back?† â€Å"Yes. He’s a loon, Cielle. I don’t have any interest in bringing this place down. He thinks that there’s some grand war going on between memes and genes, and that humans and the Goo are on opposite sides of it.† The whale-ship captain stood and nodded as if confirming something to herself. â€Å"Okay, then. That’s what I needed to know. That’s why he sent me here. I’ll try to get them to send you some food.† â€Å"What? Help me get out of here.† Nate suddenly had a very bad feeling about this whole exchange. â€Å"I’m sorry, Nate. They have Cal. The whaley boys have him. You know how that feels. They told me I had to find out if you were plotting against the Colonel. Thank you for telling me. I think they’ll let him go now.† She walked to the door, and Nate followed her. â€Å"Get me out of here, Cielle, at least –  » â€Å"Nate, there’s nowhere to go. The only way out of here is a whale ship, and whaley-boy pilots are the only ones who can run them. They’ve been on notice not to let you on since we got here. Right now I couldn’t leave if I wanted to.† She pounded on the door. â€Å"Open!† The door clicked open, and two all-black whaley boys stood outside waiting. They caught Nate by the shoulders and threw him back into the apartment as he tried to rush by them. â€Å"My own crew, Nate,† Cielle said. â€Å"See what you’ve done.† â€Å"He’s going to kill you all, Cielle. Don’t you see that? He’s crazy.† â€Å"I don’t believe you, Nate. I think you’re the crazy one.† The door slammed shut. Back at Papa Lani, Clay was doing a final check on the equipment he was taking with him to meet his new ship. Diving and camera equipment lay spread out across the office floor. Kona was going through the checklist on the clipboard with a felt-tip pen. â€Å"So you tink the Snowy Biscuit going to be there?† â€Å"I’m going. I just wish that we could answer her. Tell her I’m on my way.† â€Å"You mean, like, put the digital in the whale sound and send it?† â€Å"Yeah, I know, we can’t do it. Did you find a canister of soda lime for the rebreather’s CO2 scrubbers?† â€Å"I can do that.† Kona held up the canister Clay was looking for and checked it off the list. â€Å"You can?† â€Å"I been looking at it long time. She not that hard to put that message back in the call. But how you going to send it? You need some gi-grandious big speakers under the water, mon. We don’t have nothing like dat.† Clay stopped his inventory and pulled Kona’s clipboard down so he could see his eyes. â€Å"You can put a message into the waveform so it would come out the same way we’ve been taking it out?† Kona nodded. â€Å"Show me,† Clay said. He went to the computer. Kona took the chair and pulled up a low-frequency waveform that looked like a jagged comb, and then he hit a button that took a small section and expanded it, which smoothed out the jags. â€Å"See, this part here. We know this a letter B, right? We just cut it and paste with other letters, make a goofy whale call. I got the all the letters but a Q and a Z figured.† â€Å"Don’t explain, just do it. Here.† Clay scribbled a short message in the margin of Kona’s checklist. â€Å"Then play it for me.† â€Å"I can play, but you won’t hear it. It’s subsonic, brah. Like I say, you going need some thumpin’ speakers to send it. You know where we can steal some?† â€Å"We might not have to steal them.† While Kona pieced together the message, Clay grabbed the phone off his desk and dialed Cliff Hyland. The biologist answered on the second ring. â€Å"Cliff, Clay Demodocus. I need a favor from you. That big sonar rig of yours, will it broadcast subsonic frequencies?†¦ Good, I need you to take us out on your boat tonight, with your rig.† Kona looked at Clay. Clay grinned and raised his eyebrows. â€Å"No, it has to be tonight. I’m flying out for Chuuk in the morning. If I need to send out a signal, what can I plug in to it? Tape, disk recorder, what? Anything with a pre-amp?† Clay covered the receiver with his hand. â€Å"Can you put it on an audio disk?† â€Å"No problems,† Kona said. â€Å"No problem,† Clay said into the phone. â€Å"We’ll meet you at the harbor at ten, okay?† Clay waited. He was listening, pacing in a little circle behind the surfer. â€Å"Yeah, well, we were just talking about that, Cliff, and we figured that if you said no, we’d just have to steal your boat and your rig. I could probably figure out how the rig works, right?† There was another pause and Clay held the phone away from his ear. Kona could hear an irritated voice coming out of the earpiece. â€Å"Because we’re friends, Cliff, that’s why I’d tell you in advance that I was going to steal your boat. Jeez, you think I’d just steal it like some stranger? All right, then, we’ll see you at ten o’clock.† He hung up the phone. â€Å"Okay, kid, get this right. We have to have it ready and to the harbor by ten.† â€Å"But what you gonna do the bad guys get it?† â€Å"Even if they do, only Amy will know what it means,† Clay said. â€Å"Cool runnings, brah.† Kona was concentrating on putting the message together, his tongue curled out the corner of his mouth as an antenna for focus. Clay leaned over his shoulder and watched the waveform come together on the screen. â€Å"How did you figure this out, kid? I mean, it doesn’t seem like you.† â€Å"How’s a man supposed to work his science dub wid you yammerin’ like a rummed-up monkey?† â€Å"Sorry,† Clay said, making a mental note to give the kid a raise if any of this actually worked. How to cite Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 35~36, Essay examples

Decree of The Minister of Mines and Energy of Republic of Indonesia Number 555 /1995 free essay sample

In an effort to refine and complement legislative regulations in mining, the Decree of the Minister of Mines and Energy No. 555. K/26/M. PE/1995 was published on May 22, 1995 on Occupational Safety and Health. The regulations on occupational safety and health prevailing previous thereto were Mijn Politie Reglement (MPR) Number 341 published in 1930. These occupational safety and health regulations are formulated to be capable of anticipating any progress in the field of mining in Indonesia at this time as well as in the future. These regulations apart from being more up-to-date are also more complete as the regulation for underground occupational safety and health has been covered in detail, both in terms of coal and ore mines. These standards for occupational safety and health also exceed the standards of the previous regulations and they are expected to be capable of meeting practical demands in providing protection and instructions/information to all workers in mining who face the problem of occupational safety and health. The stipulations in these occupational safety and health regulations should be complied with by any worker in mining operations to prevent the occurrence of any accident. Jakarta, September 1995 DIRECTOR GENERAL OF MINES signature/stamp KUNTORO MANGKUSUBROTO 2 CONTENTS DECREE OF THE MINISTER OF MINING AND ENERGY NUMBER : 555. K/26/M. PE/1995 CHAPTER I GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PART ONE PART TWO : : PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX : : : : PART SEVEN PART EIGHT PART NINE PART TEN : : : : PART ELEVEN : 9 INTERPRETATION PROHIBITIONS ON THE ENTRY TO MINING OPERATIONS REGION MINING OPERATORS SURVEYORS AND MINE MAPS MINE BOOK GUIDELINES TO MINE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MINE WORKERS MINING FACILITIES HEALTH TREATMENT AND FIRST AID MINE ACCIDENTS AND DANGEROUS OCCURRENCES HEALTH 9 16 16 23 25 26 27 32 33 34 40 CHAPTER II EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX : : : : : : 41 THE EXPLOSIVES MAGAZINE SURFACE MAGAZINES UNDERGROUND MAGAZINES EXPLOSIVES STORAGE PROCEDURES TRANSPORTATION BLASTING ACTIVITIES 3 41 43 52 53 59 60 CHAPTER III WORKING ENVIRONMENT PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR : : : : 64 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS DUST NOISE AND VIBRATIONS HAZARDOUS AND NOXIOUS MATERIALS 64 64 66 67 CHAPTER IV SURFACE MINE INFRASTRUCTURE PART ONE : PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX : : : : : PART SEVEN : 69 STRUCTURES, BUILDINGS AND ACCESS WAYS AND EGRESS LIGHTING FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY LIQUID FUEL STORAGE 69 72 73 81 105 114 128 CHAPTER V DRILLING 134 CHAPTER VI SURFACE MINES PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR 141 : : : : SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES HYDRAULIC MINES EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT EVACUATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 4 141 144 146 150 CHAPTER VII DREDGES PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX PART SEVEN PART EIGHT PART NINE PART TEN PART ELEVEN 151 : : : : : : : : : : : PERSON IN CHARGE PLACEMENT OF DREDGES DREDGE PONTOONS INSPECTIONS DREDGE SAFETY SAFETY EQUIPMENT MACHINERY AND ELECTRICITY SAFETY MEASURES TOWING A MINE DREDGE DOCKING OF MINING DREDGES AUXILIARY FACILITIES 151 154 156 157 158 159 162 163 165 167 167 CHAPTER VIII UNDERGROUND ORE MINES PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX PART SEVEN PART EIGHT PART NINE PART TEN PART ELEVEN PART TWELVE PART THIRTEEN PART FOURTEEN PART FIFTEEN : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : PART SIXTEEN PART SEVENTEEN PART EIGHTEEN : : : 168 MINE ADMINISTRATION MEANS OF EGRESS SHAFTS AND HOISTING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IN-RUSHES, EMISSIONS AND OUT BURSTS GROUND CONTROL SUPPORT METHODS PROTECTION AT WORK SITE VENTILATION UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION BY CONVEYOR RAISE CLIMBERS UNDERGROUND MINE ELECTRICITY LIGHTING FIRE PREVENTION UNDERGROUND AND RESCUE ARRANGEMENTS WELFARE MANPOWER TRAINING AND SUPERVISION PROTECTION FROM NATURAL RADIATION 5 168 173 176 189 192 194 200 202 211 213 227 232 234 246 249 262 267 272 CHAPTER IX UNDERGROUND COAL MINES PART ONE PART TWO : : PART THREE PART FOUR : : PART FIVE : 276 GENERAL PREVENTION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES AND DUST FROM IGNITING VENTILATION IN GASSY MINES INSTALLATION OF SUPPORTS AT WORK SITES TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF MANPOWER IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES 276 281 290 305 315 CHAPTER X PENALTIES 316 CHAPTER XI TRANSFER STIPULATIONS 317 CHAPTER XII CLOSING STIPULATIONS 317 6 DECREE OF THE MINISTER OF MINING AND ENERGY NUMBER : 555. K/26/M. PE/1995 ON GENERAL MINING OCCUPATIONAL WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY TECHNICAL DIRECTORATE OF GENERAL MINING THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF GENERAL MINING 1995 7 THE MINISTER OF MINES AND ENERGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA DECREE OF THE MINISTER OF MINES AND ENERGY NUMBER : 555. K/26/M. PE/1995 ON MINES OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH THE MINISTER OF MINES AND ENERGY Considering : that in accordance with the development of mining technology, not one of the safety requirements in the field of mining as laid down in Min Polite Regiment (MPR) 1930 Number 341 can be maintained and must therefore be reviewed; c. that given the very technical nature of Occupational safety and health regulations entailing detailed rules requiring constant amendment in accordance with the development of technology, provision of the regulation of Occupational safety and health is sufficient in a Decree of the Minister of Mines and Energy. 1. Law Number 11, 1967 (Government Gazette 1967, Number 22, Addendum Number 2831); 2. Law Number 1, 1970 (Government Gazette 1970, Number 1 Addendum Number 2981); 3. Government Regulation Number 32, 1969 (Government Gazette 1969 Number 60, Addendum 2916) as amended by Government Regulation Number 79, 1992 (Government Gazette 1992, Number 130, Addendum Number 3510); 4. Government Regulation Number 19, 1973 (Government Gazette 1973, Number 25 Addendum Number 3003); 5. Government Regulation Number 27, 1980 (Government Regulation, 1980 Number 47, Addendum Number 3174) and 6. : that in accordance with Government Regulation Number 19, Year 1973 the regulation of safety and health in the field of mining is the authority of the Minister of Mines and Energy; b. Given a. Presidential Decree Number 96/M, 1993, March 17, 1993 DECIDES : TO STIPULATE : DECREE OF THE MINISTER OF MINES AND ENERGY ON MINES SAFETY AND HEALTH 8 Chapter I General Requirements Part One Article 1 Interpretation Within this Ministerial Decree the following shall mean : 1. Mining Activities means any place of operation intended to or directly related to general surveying, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, production or exploitation operations, processing or refining, transporting or selling, a, b and c class minerals including the supporting services and infrastructure located above or below ground, whether on a single property or at remote locations. 2. Mining Company means any person or business granted the authority to carry out a mining operation based on a Mining Authority and Contract of Work. 3. Mine means the location of any mining activity carried out in order to extract minerals. 4. Surface Mining means any system of mining of minerals which is carried out on the surface or from the surface of water. 5. Underground Mine means any system of mining to extract minerals which is carried out below ground. 6. Technical Mine Manager means any person who is in charge of and who is responsible for the implementation and compliance of occupational safety and health regulations at the mine. 7. Mine Worker means any person who works directly at the mining operation. 8. Mining Accident means any accident causing injury to any mine worker or any person permitted to enter the area of the mining activity. 9. Director General shall refer to the Director General of Mines. 10. Operator means the management of the company. 11. Mine Book means the record book of prohibitions, orders, and directives of the Mine Inspector which must be kept by the Technical Mine Manager. 12. A Mine Inspector is a government authority supervising the implementation of occupational safety and health in mines.. 9 13. Project Area shall mean any place stipulated by the Director General or Provincial Governor used for the mine facilities. 14. Explosives shall mean any chemical compound, mixture or device that is made, manufactured, or used to produce an explosion by a sustained chemical reaction. Explosives include black powder, nitro-glycerine, dynamite, gelatine, detonating cords, safety fuses, detonators, ammonium nitrate, when mixed with hydrocarbons and other blasting agents. 15. Detonator shall mean any device containing a detonating charge that is used to initiate explosives and includes but is not limited to electric detonators, plain detonators, non-electric detonators (none) or delay detonators. 16. Magazine shall mean any building or container with specific technical and safety features for storing explosives. 17. Blaster means any person appointed by the mining company or the Technical Mine Manager to carry out explosive work and who holds a current Blasting License (KIM) 18. Blasting work shall consist of mixing explosives, making a primer, loading, and stemming of blast holes, linking and connecting any explosion pattern, coupling a shot-firing circuit to a detonator circuit, a circuit tester or blasting machine, determining dangerous areas, ordering people to withdraw or shelter, and to take cover, testing circuits, firing blast holes, handling misfires, and controlling the impact of explosions such as fly-rock, ground vibrations, noise, and air blasts. 19. Blaster Trainee means any person approved by the Technical Mine Manager to undergo blasting operations training under the close personal supervision of a blaster. 20. Blasting means any single or series of blasts carried out as part of one blast. 21. Magazine safety distance means the minimum distance at which the magazine must be separated from other magazines, buildings inhabited by people, railway lines and public roads and which shall depend on the amount and type of explosives stored. 22. Detonator sensitive explosive means any explosives that can be detonated by a No. 8 blasting cap. 23. Primer sensitive explosives means any explosive that can only be detonated by using a primer/booster charge together with a No. 8 blasting cap. 10 24. Explosive Ingredients means the standard materials which when mixed with certain materials become primer sensitive explosives. 25. Main magazine means the magazine used as the storage facility for explosives the location of which is not too far from the mine and from which explosives are used for blasting. 26. Transit magazine means the magazine utilised as a temporary storage facility prior to transportation to the main explosives magazine. 27. Temporary magazine means the magazine used during mining exploration work or mining development. 28. Container means the explosives magazine in the form of a container made from metal plate. 29. Combustible material means any material which ignites, burns, supports combustion or releases combustible vapour when subject to fire or heat. 30. Combustible gas means gas which is capable of ignitions at the normal concentration of oxygen in the air. 31. Flash point means the minimum temperature at which sufficient vapour is released by a liquid to form a combustible vapour-air mixture near the surface of the liquid. 32. Fire resistance rating means the time in minutes or hours that a material will retain its protective characteristics and structure when exposed to fire. 33. Crane is any machinery or equipment operated mechanically, electrically or hydraulically that is able to be used as a lifting apparatus including rail, railway or other supplementary equipment, but not including raise climbers attached to a mine shaft. 34. Chain block is any lifting apparatus, consisting of shackles, swivels, hooks, slings, eyebolts, chains and fittings which is used to lift and includes the clips used to secure the wire. 35. Workshop means any place or workroom used to carry out repairs, maintenance, manufacturing, installation or testing of mining equipment and other technical work that supports mining activities. 36. High voltage electricity shall mean an installation with more than 300 volts under normal work conditions (250 volts in the underground circuit). 11 37. Bangka drill means any auger type drill fitted with casing and core recovery effected by the platform which is assembled to the head of the casing. The system for taking samples is operated by means of tamping from the platform. 38. Hydraulic Mine is one type of surface mine that uses water to dig and transport materials to the washing installation. 39. Earth moving equipment means any mechanical equipment used to move top soil, overburden and deposits of minerals during clearing, digging, and lifting and removing operations, and includes bulldozers, shovels, draglines, scrapers and bucket wheel excavators but does not include transport vehicles such as dump trucks. 40. Mining dredge means a dredge used for mining, including boats used as support facilities which is carried out on the surface of water, and shall hereafter be known as dredge. 41. Head line means the mooring line attached to the bow of a dredge used to moor the dredge. 42. Port and starboard line means the mooring line attached to the left and right sides (respectively) of the dredge to moor the dredge. 43. Stern line means the cable attached to the rear of the dredge. 44. Anchor cable means a cable used to moor the dredge, i. e. head line, port, starboard lines and stern lines. 45. Spill anchor means a chain anchor attached to the middle of the dredge. 46. Compartment / tank is the pontoon divided into water tight segments. 47. Pontoon is a closed compartment whose function is to make the dredge float. 48. Safety Hull means a series of small hulls designed to protect the main compartment from collisions. 49. Ballast tanks means a compartment that can be filled with water to maintain the balance of the dredge. 50. Man hole means the water tight hole in the deck used as an access way for inspection and repair work of the compartments. Current tripping device is a device whose function is to cut off electrical currents including any automatic or manual switches. 51. 12 52. Concentric cables means a cable whose outer conductor is entwined around the insulation of the inner conductor. 53. Flexible Cable means a cable designed specifically to be flexible when used. 54. Metallic cable casing means the iron or steel cable encasing the cable. 55. Tripping means an automatic interruption of an electrical current which operates mechanically or electrically. 56. Raise is any tunnel with an inclination above the horizontal greater than 15 degrees whose construction is carried out from bottom to top. 57. Winze is any tunnel with an inclination below the horizontal greater than 15 degrees whose construction is carried out from top to bottom. 58. In rush is the sudden and high speed flow of water or mud. 59. Emission is the sudden release of noxious or combustible gas from any place other than an abandoned working site into any area of an underground mine which causes the conditions of the mine air at the said area to exceed ventilation requirements. 60. Out burst is a violent outburst of gas together with solid rock in the mine. 61. Rock burst means an outburst of rock fragments caused by excessive pressure producing an accumulation of energy, which does not include outbursts or emissions of pressured gas. 62. Hazardous area means any area below ground in a mine which is within 45 meters (measured in any plane) of the surface, any disused working, any stratum containing or likely to contain water, any material that flows or is likely to flow when wet. 63. Main fan means a fan that controls the entire airflow of a mine. 64. Booster fan means a fan which is installed in a main airway or a district airway for the purpose of boosting or increasing the quantity of air in that part of the mine. 65. Auxiliary fan means a fan used to deliver air to work places off the main airstream such as headings, drifts, and which usually makes use of ventilation tubing. 66. Main intake airway means the main airway of incoming fresh air beginning at a shaft or outlet. When an airway is split into two or more working areas, the airways through which it passes are known as intake airways. 13 67. Main return airway means the main airway of out-coming used air ending at a shaft or outlet. Airways in which the airflow is returning from two or more working areas into the main return airway are called return airways. 68. Transport system means any system of transport which operates wholly or partly underground (other than in a shaft) which carries men, materials or minerals. 69. Free Steered Vehicles means any powered vehicles not moving on tracks. 70. Rope Haulage System means any transport system where vehicles are attached to and moved by a rope, driven by a stationary haulage engine whether mechanically or gravity powered. 71. Raise climber means any powered machine or device using a pinion and fixed rack system for traction and used as a working platform in the course of excavating vertical or inclined raises. Raise climbers installed as permanent means of transportation between fixed levels are not included. 72. Flame safety lamp means any lamp which is so protected or enclosed as to make impossible the ignition of an atmosphere of combustible gas and dust outside the lamp. 73. Firedamp or methane means any mixture of flammable gases naturally occurring in a mine. 74. Combustible dust means any dust which when freely dispersed in air forms a combustible mixture. 75. Venturi ventilation means apparatus used to induce airflow into a duct by means of a jet of compressed air or water and includes all types of ejector or blowers but shall not include any ejector or blower used in a firedamp drainage system. 76. Automatic Fire Damp Detector (AFD) means an approved device to continually detect the presence of firedamp and to give a visual or audible alarm at a preset level. 77. Firedamp monitoring system means an approved device to continuously detect the presence of firedamp and to record the results at a location at the surface of the mine or some other location as may be accepted by an inspector. 78. Bore hole means any hole drilled for the purpose of tapping firedamp and draining it through firedamp drainage system. 14 79. Firedamp drainage is an activity in a mine carried out to collect the fire damp in a mine prior to it being diluted and discharged from the mine. 80. Firedamp drainage system is a system for the drainage of firedamp excluding the drainage of firedamp that accumulated behind road-side packs and merely consists of a pipe to convey the firedamp to a point where it can be discharged. 81. Calorimeter room means a place at the surface used to monitor firedamp or the heat levels thereof. 82. Armoured Flexible Conveyor (AFC) means conveyor equipment using a flexible chain to convey coal from a working face when using a drum sheerer. 83. Bar means a girder or any form of cross support. 84. ‘Prop’ includes friction props of chocks. 85. Powered support means a support that works using hydraulic power or pneumatic power. 86. Travelling roadway means any roadway used for the transportation of people from and to the work site and includes any roadway intended to be used as a secondary egress from the mine. 87. Roadway is any heading, cut-through, roadway between two pillars or road in the room and pillar system or any road used for transportation. 88. Working face is the space between the excavation boundary and the nearest series of supports installed when the said supports are parallel and systematically withdrawn and or the space between the excavation boundary until a boundary up to 3. 5 meters from a mined out area when the supports are not systematically withdrawn. 15 Article 2 Scope (1) This Ministerial Decree shall apply to all aspects of activities in mining operations in the Mining Concession, Contract of Work, Work Agreement, area or any other place designated as a project area by the Director General or Provincial (Level I) Governor in accordance with the authority vested therein. (2) The Chief Mine Inspector may grant exemption of the implementation of the stipulations in this Ministerial Decree on the basis of such requests from the operator or the Technical Mine Manager. Part Two Article 3 Prohibitions on the Entry to Mining Operations Region (1) It is prohibited to enter or be found within the region of any mining operation apart from those who work therein or who are permitted. (2) Those in possession of a permit to enter a mining operation region as required in paragraph (1), shall be accompanied by the Technical Mine Manager or an appointed employee who has full comprehension of the situation and conditions of the area to be visited. (3) Roads designated by the Technical Mine Manager shall be roads for specific use of mining operations and where the public is granted the right of use thereof, the safety for the use of the said right shall become his/her responsibility. Part Three Mining Operators Article 4 Obligations (1) The operator shall only commence mining activities after written notification has been given to the Chief Mine Inspector. (2) Within two weeks after one of the following activities, the operator shall send a written report to the Chief Mine Inspector, namely: 16 a. commencement of exploration, excavation of any mine, and a new horizon or seam at the coal level in an underground mine. b. commencement of a new shaft or outlet for any underground mine and c. termination of activities or abandoning of any surface mine or any horizon or seam at the coal level, shaft or outlet from any underground mine calculated 12 months from the date of the final activities, except where abandoned prior thereto. (3) The operator shall provide any equipment, fittings, protective equipment, facilities and costs required for the implementation of these regulations. (4) The operator shall supply free of charge any personal protective equipment required in accordance with the type, nature and danger of the work carried out thereby as well as for any person who enters the mining operation site. (5) Based on the considerations of the Chief Mine Inspector, the operator shall provide appropriate accommodation at or close to the mining operation for the Mine Inspector for the duration of his/her duties. (6) The operator shall provide full assistance to the Mine Inspector in the implementation of his/her duties. (7) The operator shall stop mining work, whenever the Technical Mine Manager or appointed employee is not found on site. Article 5 Appointment of the Technical Mine Manager (1) Exploration or new exploitation shall only be commenced after the holder of the Mining Authority has appointed a Technical Mine Manager. (2) The operator shall appoint a Technical Mine Manager and obtain the approval of the Chief Mine Inspector. (3) The operator may submit an application to the Chief Mine Inspector to appoint more than one Technical Mine Manager where it is considered necessary or based on the specific considerations of the Chief Mine Inspector. (4) The operator may submit an application to the Chief Mine Inspector to appoint more than one deputy Technical Mine Manager where it is considered necessary or based on the specific considerations of the Chief Mine Inspector. 17 (5) Implementation of the requirements of paragraph (3) and (4) shall be stipulated by the Chief Mine Inspector. (6) The Chief Mine Inspector may grant the Technical Mine Manager notice letters as requested. Article 6 Qualifications for the Technical Mine Manager Technical Mine Managers shall be grouped into four classifications in the following order : a. b. c. d. Class III B; Class III A; Class II and Class I Article 7 Class III B Technical Mine Managers Class III B Technical Mine Managers shall meet the following criteria : a. . b. c. mining systems : hydraulic mines, auger mines, open pit mines with single benches, the use of explosives, water jet suction dredges, open pit coal mines using a manual system or exploration stage mines without drifts and open pit construction stage mines; mining companies : individuals, co-operatives and private Indonesian companies and qualifications : one of the following : 1) graduates of Mining/Machinery/Electrical Secondary Technical School (STM) shall possess an occupational work health and safety course certificate with mining work experience of no less than four years, or 2) Bachelors or DIII and or Graduates shall possess an occupational work health and safety course certificate with mining work experience of no less than 2 years. Article 8 Class III A Technical Mine Managers 18 Class III A Technical Mine Managers shall meet the following criteria : a. mining systems : bucket dredges, open pit mines with benches, quarries, open pit mines with a production scale smaller than 1000 tons per day or exploration stage open pit mines with drifts and underground construction mines. b. mining companies : private Indonesian companies and State Owned Firms (BUMN) and c. qualifications : one of the following : 1) graduates of Mining/Machinery/Electricity Secondary Technical Schools must possess an occupational work health and safety course certificate as well as a Class II Blaster Certificate for mines using explosives, or possess a dredge course certificate for mines using dredges or possess a Technical Mine Manager course certificate with mining work experience of no less than 6 years, or 2) Bachelors or DIII or Graduates must possess an occupational work health and safety course certificate and Class II Blaster Certificate for mines using explosives or possess a dredge course certificate for mines using dredges or possess a Technical Mine Manager course certificate with mining work experience of no less than three years, or 3) have particular experience as a Class III B Technical Mine Manager of no less than 5 years. Article 9 Class II Technical Mine Managers Class II Technical Mine Managers shall meet the following criteria : a. mining systems : open pit mines with a production scale greater than 1000 tons per day and underground ore mines; b. mining companies : State Owned Firms (BUMN), Contracts of Work, and private Indonesian companies and 19 c. qualifications : 1) Indonesian citizens must hold one of the following : a) Bachelors and DIII graduates shall possess a Technical Mine Manager course certificate, with open pit mine or underground ore mine experience of no less than seven years, or b) graduates who hold a Technical Mine Manager course certificate shall have mining work experience of no less than five years, or c) shall have held office as a Mine Inspector for no less than 10 years, or d) possess a mining occupational work health and safety course certificate or training from abroad and have been accredited by the Technical Mine Manager accreditation committee with no less than 10 years mining work experience. 2) foreign citizens (foreign experts) may hold one of the following : a) possess a mining manager certificate accredited by the Technical Mine Manager Accreditation Committee, or b) write or present a paper as stipulated by the Chief Mine Inspector. Article 10 Class I Technical Mine Managers Class I Technical Mine Managers shall meet the following criteria : a. mining systems : underground coal mines, underground ore mines with an ore production scale greater than 1000 tons per day; b. qualifications : one of the following : 1) Indonesian citizens must hold one of the following : a) Bachelors and DIII graduates who possess a Technical Mine Manager course certificate, shall possess underground coal mine and or underground ore mine work experience of no less than 10 years, or b) shall have held office as a Mine Inspector for no less than 15 years, or 20 c) Class II Technical Mine Managers shall have five years of experience in the said position. 2) foreign citizens (foreign experts) shall hold one of the following : a) possess a mining manager certificate accredited by the Technical Mine Manager Accreditation Committee, or b) write or present a paper as stipulated by the Chief Mine Inspector. Article 11 Operational Supervisor (1) The Technical Mine Manager in carrying out his duties and functions in the field of occupational safety and health in mining, machinery, electrical apparatus and its auxiliary equipment shall be assisted by supervisory officials who are responsible for organisation of the different units at the mine. (2) Where the operator has yet to appoint employees as required in paragraph (1) the Technical Mine Manager shall assign or appoint the intended employee. (3) Employees as required in paragraphs (1) and (2) in carrying out their duties shall be known as operational supervisors or technical supervisors and shall report to the Technical Mine Manager. Article 12 Obligations of the Operational Supervisor The operational supervisor shall : a. be responsible to the Technical Mine Manager for the safety of every mine worker under his/her supervision; b. carry out inspections, examinations, and testing; c. be responsible for the safety, health, and welfare of every person assigned to him/her and d. prepare and sign examination, inspection and testing reports Article 13 Obligations of the 21 Technical Supervisor The technical supervisor shall : a. be responsible to the Technical Mine Manager for the safe installation and correct operation and maintenance of any equipment that is part of his/her duties; b. supervise and inspect all machinery and electrical equipment within the scope of his/her responsibilities; c. make sure that investigations, inspections, and testing are always carried out on the operation of machinery, electrical apparatus and equipment; d. prepare and sign investigation, inspection and testing reports; e. carry out investigations and testing of all machinery and equipment prior to use, after installation, re-installation or repair and f. plan and enforce the implementation of the maintenance timetable as scheduled as well as the repair of all mine machinery, transportation, road makers, and any other machinery utilised. Article 14 Mine Inspection (1) In order to ensure safe working conditions the Technical Mine Manager or an appointed employee shall carry out inspections : a. during every mineral-getting shift, shall inspect no less than one time the work site of any person on shift and every road or travel way used by any person during the said shift; b. during every shift, shall inspect every site before blasting operations; c. every work day, inspect the access ways or ladder ways to be used that day; d. every working face, work front, banks, and working slope as well as the implementation of repair work where necessary; e. blasting preparation as well as the condition of equipment and vehicles used therefor; f. haulage and transport equipment; g. mine roadways; 22 h. machinery safety devices and i. any place considered da