Tesco Organisational Change

Introduction: This assignment is based on the concept of Organization change and it will discuss around various concept of change within an organization. It is based on the selection of an organization that has undergone through a change and in which people has adopted or resist the strategies of change. Aims and Objectives: This assignment will be comprise of the below mentioned objectives that will actually analyze all the changes that an organization has actually faced. * To identify the processes and model of change and what are the strategies that might help in encourages people to positively respond to that change. To identify the main drivers that has actually triggered the need for change in the organization. * To analyze the organizational change with the help of EFQM model. * To evaluate how people will react to that change and will survive within that change. * To identify the ways that can help in dealing with the resistance towards that change. * To evaluate the strategi c change initiatives and what recommendation can be made in order to gather good data and avoid biasness. What is change? According to Potter, Mark (2011) change is an activity that takes out the organization or a person out of their comfortable zone. It is sometimes positive and sometimes negative and takes time for the adjustments. According to Chhabra et al (2007) states that Organizational change is the change that comes in the overall working environment of an organization and sometimes cause discomfort to the people initially. Organizational change: According to Potter, Mark (2011) Organizational change is a state that an organization undergoes from one state to another. This change can be in the policy, strategy, technology and culture of an organization. This change can be sudden or preplanned and requires wise strategies towards the management of people working in an organization. Change management: According to searchcio-mid market. tech target. com Change management is a methodical term which deals with change both at the individual and organizational level. It deals with three different aspects. 1. Controlling change. 2. Effecting change. Tesco: According to the Tesco website it is the Britain’s foremost retail company which is dealing with 37,000 stores all over the world and have employed over 440,000 people. Tesco is dealing with 30 countries outside the United Kingdom. Tesco is actually working on the concept of change and all the employees are striving hard to respond to those changes. The name Tesco has first appeared on a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since that time this company has developed and grown up with so many new innovations and opportunities for the business and for the people as well. By the early 1990s Tesco has faced so many strong competitors and for staying at the competitive edge they need to have new strategies according to the new situations so here concept of change occurs. Sir Terry Leah was very wise in making decisions. He was the Chief executive in 1997 so he decided to find out where they are actually lacking so that they can easily work on those areas. So he found the root cause on which they need to work. He came up with the statement that we are good in buying and selling but we have actually forgotten the needs of our customers so he decided to pay much more attention to their customers. So he started this activity with the simple question asked by the customers what are we doing wrong? After this question they actually started investing in those areas that matters to customers e. g. the loyalty scheme such as club cards, Tesco. com, our internet home shopping service. He further illustrates his concept with giving ease to the customers and giving them a reason to come back to Tesco again and again. Tesco Mission Statement: â€Å"Creating values for customers, to earn their life time loyalty†. Values behind Tesco business: * No one tries harder for customers. * Treat people how we like to be treated. Objectives of the company: The main objective of the company is to better understand their customers than any organization. Tesco not only considers their customers much more important but they are also very much conscious in terms of the innovation of their products and services. Their concept behind best customer service and introducing best products are to attract their shareholders and gain the growth in sales, profits and returns. Tesco actually work around these three objectives. * To gain growth in sales, profits and returns. * To satisfy the needs of the customers by proving them best services and products. To satisfy its shareholders. Organizational change in Tesco: There is a marketing statement mentioned in ivy thesis . type pad. com that success breeds failure so it shows that nothing else is constant in business and in order to stay at the competitive edge business should respond to the changing demands of the world. Tesco has focused on these demands so that they can stay competitive and can resp ond to their competitors. The following difference can show their attention towards the demands of the world. Tesco in Past: According to Finch, Julia (2010). Tesco in the past was just like a typical traditional food retailer company that only focused on the substantial assets of the business like products, place and money. They had not paid any attention towards the intangible assets of business like customers satisfaction, services providing ease to the customers. This has actually given hard times to Tesco in the past and very soon this thing was realized by Tesco that the older methods will not work for the business as the concept of Globalization was spreading very fast so Tesco started responding to the changes required. Tesco in Present: Tesco in present has moved its attention towards more innovative and intangible things. This was the first step of Tesco towards innovation and working beyond its limits as in 1995 they introduced club cards which are now offering air miles and club card points in 5000 different venues in the UK. Rowley (2005) states that the club cards has given good opportunities for customer interactions and engaging large number of corporate partners in delivering and earning rewards. These club cards are actually building up a strong relationship among customers and Tesco. Another innovative step of Tesco is the use of internet for their customer’s i. e. Tesco. com. It has actually strengthened the communication between consumers and Tesco as people can inquire through Tesco website regarding grocery, music books and so on. According to Tesco. com (2005) customers can enter their complaints on the same website where the problem list are already present and customer’s needs to fill in the right area. These complain can be related to quality of food, out of date products and so on. For making the life easier for the customers Tesco has given more in store facilities, long opening hours, shorter queues trained staff. Topic 1 Drivers for Change: In order to find out the competitive position of an organization firstly I company need to check what factors are actually triggering for change. So what that reason lots of information is required which can tell the position of the company where it is standing at the present and where it will be in the future so making these predictions more clearer Porters 5 forces model can be used that will tell each and every aspect of that organization. Porters 5 Forces: Porter 5 forces helps in analyzing the external environment of an organization and provide beforehand preparations so that company can gets ready for any kind of pitfalls that may arise in business. It covers the following steps. * Rivalry. * Substitutes. * Buyers. * Suppliers. * Barriers to entry. Rivalry: Rivalry is the central force that involves other forces as well. Tesco has many rivals in the market so for making its position stronger and giving tough competition to its rivals Tesco always keep its position up-to-date and respond to the changing demands of the world. So the launch of club cards and other internet websites are the steps taken to stay at the competitive edge and be a strong contender for its rivals. Substitutes: Rivalry actually makes the profits zero as it is a threat. As the market has many supermarkets so they can be the substitutes for Tesco so in order to avoid missing their customers they need to provide them with extraordinary customer service. So Tesco has made that possible by giving Club cards and showing that the customers are at the heart of Tesco has actually won the loyalty of their customers. Tesco has substitute like Sainsbury which has got the similar products and has decreased the prices of products in both companies. Buyers: Power of buyer is another cause of decrease in the prices as if the cost of floor is more in Tesco buyer can easily switch over to Sainsbury. But Tesco is fortunate in this case as there are not lot big markets that makes the markets more discipline and stops them of pricing war. Supplier: Tesco has an advantage over the suppliers as they quote the price to the suppliers and suppliers have to admit that as Tesco has a strong position and they can quote on their own. If suppliers do not fulfill the demand they will have no one to sell their goods so Tesco takes a good advantage over their suppliers. Barriers to entry: Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury are the barriers to entry for the new supermarkets. As they have an advantage over the suppliers in the economy of scale as they can buy large volume of goods on less prices whereas the new entrants needs to buy small quantities very expensive. Process for change: Source: www. google. com (Kurt Lewin,1951) Unfreeze: Tesco has used the concept of unfreezing by telling their employees and realizing them the needs of their customers. They gave them the image that Tesco needs to stay at the competitive edge and for that they need the loyalty of their customers. For getting that loyalty they need to pay full attention towards the satisfaction of their customers. So they have to done some sort of technological, social and cultural changes that will increase their publicity among their customers. So they ensure the readiness of their employees towards the change in their working schedules. Change: Tesco has started the club cards in 1995 by giving full training to their employees that they always need to ask the customers â€Å"have you got a club card† this was the way of giving promotion to the club cards. Employees were also provided with the information that this strategy of launching club cards will give competitive edge to Tesco and the company can stay more in touch with the loyal customers so they just need to scan and offer the club cards to their customers who will definitely give rise to the profits. For making the employees ready for the extra work load Tesco has given them the information that they will also get 10% discount with their staff privilege card on their purchasing from the store which makes the employees happy that at least they are also getting benefits out of it. Employees were also informed of the Tesco. com and that the customers will do shopping online so they need to be more efficient and with the same thing they were given proper training that how to deal with online shopping and it will give rise to the business and the business will give them promotions and bonuses for their hard work. Refreeze: The launch of Club cards and Tesco. com has actually given rise to the Tesco sale as it makes easier for the customers that even while sitting at home they can shop whatever they want to have. It has actually increased the customers for Tesco as the slogan of Tesco says â€Å"Every little helps† so they are actually working on that as they have kept an eye on even the little needs of their customers. According to Harvey, Oliver (2007). , The UK has stated that Tesco is the most developed online grocery market in the world with more than 1. million people shopping online. ( Daily Record, 2004) Organizational change for context: According to Pagano, Margareta (1987) cultural web analysis was given by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes in 1992. It can help in make observing and then making some changes in an organizations culture. It helps in exposing cultural hypothesis and practices and aligns the work with organizations elements and the strategies used within an organiz ation. As mentioned above different changes in Tesco which has given a positive rise to the business. Here in this cultural web analysis the change of introducing club cards has increased the work loads of people so what initiatives should be made in order to support the already occurred change. There are six elements which can help in making those changes stronger. Stories: Whenever a change occurs in any organization it comes with lots of previous stories like it will increase workloads without any benefits. It will give different type of job specifications so in order to avoid all these stories the employees will have in advance trainings and incentives so that they can welcome the change positively and should be ready for new challenges. Rituals and routines: The daily routine will show the change in behavior so the reward system and the bonuses should beforehand introduced so that people can work more energetically without showing any kind of negative attitude towards the increase in work. Symbols: Before implementing a new change there should have a lot of publicity as in Tesco they advertise the club cards and even the employees have got the uniform with Tesco club cards. Organizational structure: As in the case of Tesco the employees were well defined of their goals and the consequences that they will have after achieving those goals and objectives so the objectives will be clearly defined in order to support the implemented change. Control system: It is usually measure by the top management team and before implementing any sort of change all the strategies and policies are prepared beforehand. It is regarding the financial system and reward system so Tesco has also given the opportunity to its employees as 10% discount on their cards which can urther enhance their performance and strengthen the implemented change. Power structure: As the name indicates Power structure which is hold by the executives and other seniors so the steps taken like discounts for employees, Trainings regarding club cards and internet has strengthen the change so far. Topic 2 Creativity and Improvement Creativity: Creativity is the thinking up of new ideas. It is actually the dreaming up of new ideas. Whereas according to   Lorna Martin (2006). , Innovation is doing new things so it is the practical term for creativity. Source: www. google. co. uk According to Walker, Gaelle (2006). EFQM is the most widely used model with over 30,000 businesses to increase performance and increase their bottom line. It takes a holistic view of an organization and gives a diagnostic tool for the specific area of an organization which will provide strength and enhance that area with innovation and creativity. This model is divided into two parts the first one is enabler and second one are the results that can be earned through the employees efforts, the policies and strategies implemented, and the stakeholders or shareholders involved and the resources within that organization. So in the case of Tesco their strength is their team, their products. While talking about their employees they can engage their employees in more trainings and give them chances to think out of the box as the Human capital is the main asset of any company so Tesco needs to invest more on their employees and give them chances to learn more and work accordingly. So as they have got an Intranet within their organization that is the actual chance for their employee’s promotions and gives them more chances to enhance their performance by learning more and then implement their knowledge in their organization. Well Tesco has already taken a step towards innovation and creativity as they have implemented Tesco. com so in this way thousands of minds are included in Tesco and Tesco can take suggestions from the people around. By their club cards they are not only providing good saving to the customers but they are also doing surveys by checking in which area which product is selling more so in this way they are increasing the productivity of that product. So Tesco. Com is a step towards innovation. Surviving change: Surviving change is actually the concept regarding those changes that an organization has implemented. It checks whether those changes are well accepted by the organization and employees. Do those changes have given a positive rise to the business. According to Buckley, Neil (1995). , there are some steps that manage and deal with change appropriately which are as follows. 1. Acceptance for the change should be there by training and awareness. 2. Readiness for change to be happens at workplace. 3. Should have enough strategies to tackle that change. 4. Adapt to that change. 5. Feel free to go with the change. 6. Enjoy the change. 7. Always try to be ready for the change. So change is actually surviving in Tesco as they have also used the before hang readiness for the change to occur and now getting desired results as a part of business profits. Transition curve: According to   Savill, Richard (2001). Transition curve is a three stages of transition that involve ending, neutral zone and beginning which helps in assessing people that what difficulties they might face during the implementation of change. Ending: This seems to be the ending of the confidence of the employees when they deny the acceptance to change. They might think that their workplace or their work will be different so this is the ending of their hard works and acceptance to work loads. Neutral zone: This state will be the confusion state as the staff will be in between the current and the desired state. They will be uncertain about the present and the future. This can have the negative impact on the activities. Beginning: The beginning state is that state in which the employees are ready for the change and work accordingly with a positive set of mind. As in Tesco case employees are ready for the work. Conclusion and Recommendations: Change is a positive activity and it always brings about something healthy to an individual or an organization. So in the case of Tesco change was the ultimate desire of the modern time and has actually give Tesco a strong position. Club cards and Tesco. com Com are the positive changes for Tesco and has increased its sales. Staff is also very efficient in implementing and working on the change so it has given positive rise to the business. Recommendations * Although the change has been successfully implemented in company but there is still need to eradicate the perception and attitude of being one or monopolist views. The development opportunities should be offered to the front line staff for further improving the customer service. * Variety of methods should be used to training the staff and through providing them different platforms the company can fetch the creative ideas from their staff * There must be online and offline (virtual; over the web) feedback or comment section where the customers can record their feedbacks regarding the products services and their performance or further improvements. Teamwork culture, support from the management and empowerment are the necessary mediums to motivate the workforce and maintain their motivation for better productivity. * An efficient performance appraisal system is required to be implemented for judging the performance of both contract based and permanent employees and similarly compensation should be based on this fair appraisal of employees. * Further communication should be improved through extensively advertising the products to the target market and internal communication should have to be improved through making the flow of information on right time. References: * Potter, Mark (16 February 2011). â€Å"Tesco to outpace growth at global rivals – study†. Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2011. * Finch, Julia (2 February 2010). â€Å"Tesco opens its first zero carbon store†. The Guardian  (UK). Retrieved 1 September 2010. * O'Grady, Sean (16 December 2001). â€Å"Shirley Porter: Rich, flashy and corrupt with it. She's nothing like a Dame†. The Independent  (London). Retrieved 13 December 2009. *   Harvey, Oliver (9 May 2007). â€Å"TESCO kills of Well St Market†. The Sun(London). Retrieved 13 December 2009. * Pagano, Margareta (16 May 1987). Shocked Hillards attacks greed of Prudential: Hartley disgusted with institutions after Tesco wins takeover battle†. The Guardian  (the sun). * â€Å"Tesco accused of ‘near monopoly'†. BBC. 17 January 2006. * â€Å"Inverness: Tescotown†. Retrieved 13 March 2006. *   Lorna Martin (1 January 2006). â€Å"The supermarket that ate a town†. The Observer  (UK). *   Walker, Gaelle (11 November 2006). â€Å"Online failing todeliver†. The Grocer(William Reed Publications): p. 6. *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Business as usual for Sir Terry after 10 years in charge†. Birmingham Post(Midland Independent Newspapers): p. 24. 22 February 2007. *   Buckley, Neil (22 November 1995). People: Leahy rings Tesco's tills†. Financial Times: p. 40. *   Cunningham, Sarah (22 March 1997). â€Å"Tesco pays ? 630m for ABF's Irish business†. The Times  (Times Newspapers). â€Å"Tesco's Irish move approved†. Financial Times. 7 May 1997. *   Savill, Richard (12 June 2001). â€Å"Tesco bomb blackmailer is jailed for 16 years†. The Daily Telegraph  (UK). Retrieved 12 April 2011. *   Helft, Miguel (2001). â€Å"Tesco buys stake in GroceryWorks†. The Industry Standard. * O'Halloran, Marie (25 July 2009). â€Å"Unicef accuses Tesco of misusing charity slogan†. The Irish Times. *   McBride, Louise (26 July 2009). â€Å"Tesco in clash with Unicef†. The Irish Independent.   Malkin, Bonnie (14 November 2007). â€Å"Spice Girls go shopping at Tesco†. London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 September 2010. â€Å"AEW Architects†. AEW Architects. Retrieved 2011-08-16. *   Leroux, Marcus (22 March 2010). â€Å"Tesco’s secret chain charges customers more – Times Online†. The Times  (UK). Retrieved 11 November 2010. *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tesco announces non-food store trials†. Retrieved 13 March 2006. *   Jordan, Dearbail (8 June 2007). â€Å"Tesco swoops on Dobbies Garden Centres†. The Times  (London: Times Newspapers). Retrieved 8 June 2007. *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Offer Declared Unconditional in all Respects†. Dobbies  (Dobbies): p. 1. 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

Extraction of Benzoic Acid

Introduction: The theory behind the extraction of a solution containing benzoic acid, cellulose, and methyl orange involves many components pertaining to the fundamental ideas of solubility and polarity. Using the concepts of like dissolving like and acid base reactions, a solution of organic acid (benzoic acid), a water soluble compound cellulose, and an organic soluble compound methyl orange, can be separated and benzoic acid can be isolated by a method of extraction.At the fundamental level, organic solvents separate from aqueous solutions based on their varying densities, typically the organic layer being less dense and therefore on top of the aqueous layer1. Therefore any solutes in those solutions are also separated and can be isolated from one another. This phenomenon is the basis for the liquid-liquid extraction and leads into the concept of the partition coefficient. According to MtCg the ratio of concentrations of a solute in each layer is defined by the partition coefficie nt K, where K = C2 / C1.The distribution coefficient can therefore be viewed as the ratio of the concentration of the compound in organic solvent to the concentration of the same compound in aqueous solution. This constant allows for the calculation of dissolved compound in each layer of the solution, so that after several extractions, the yield can be sufficient for the purposes of the experiment. A second type of extraction, acid-base extraction, involves the addition of acids and bases in solutions to change the polarity of organic acids and bases to their corresponding water-soluble salts2.This allows us to take advantage of the liquid-liquid extraction to separate organic acids and bases from solution mixtures. Such extraction can be considered chemically active extraction because the polarity of one substance is altered to increase solubility in water. This type of extraction is necessary when both compounds are non-polar and dissolved well in organic solvents. For Experiment #1 Extraction of Benzoic Acid, a solution of benzoic acid, cellulose and methyl orange will first be added to ether, heated and filtered to separate the organic insoluble cellulose leaving benzoic acid nd methyl orange. Then after adding NaOH, the benzoic acid will react to form the water-soluble salt, sodium benzoate, which can be separated via the liquid extraction technique. Finally adding HCl to the aqueous sodium benzoate will cause the acid-base reaction to undergo restoring benzoic acid in the organic layer and NaCl in the water layer. Reagent Table: Experimental: To start, a solution of diethyl ether was mixed with 4. 06g of crude benzoic acid with two impurities.Boiling stones were added to the mixture and heated over the steam bath until the ether solution began to boil. Once the solution was boiling to most efficiently dissolve the inorganic parts of the solution, the ether insoluble material was filtered out of solution using the Buchner funnel vacuum filtration techniqu e. The filtrate ether remaining was added to a separatory funnel with 30mL of 1M NaOH, mixed and vented properly, and then rested as the solution settled into separate organic and aqueous layers.The bottom layer (aqueous) was drained from the separatory funnel into a beaker and another 30mL of NaOH was added to the left over ether, swirled and vented, separated, and the aqueous layer drained off into the same beaker as the first aqueous extraction. Next the aqueous solution that was collected was cooled on ice and 50mL of chilled 6M HCl was added to the mixture. At this point, a Bruchner funnel was used to collect the solid precipitate via vacuum filtration and those collected crystals were weighed out and set aside for the recrystalization of benzoic acid.Results: The most important measurements made during this lab were the initial weight of the crude benzoic acid, which was 4. 06g, and the mass of the crystals after the separation from the two impurities, 4. 88g. The fact that th e crystals weighed more than the starting material can be accounted for based on the lack of proper drying time for the crystals, and will be accounted for when calculating the percent composition.Discussion: After the results of the lab, there were a few points to consider in the final analysis. First off, and most importantly, after the crystals were obtained from the aqueous solution obtained by adding NaOH, the crystals were used immediately for the recrystalization and were not given the proper time to dry out, so the weight of the wet crystals must be used to calculate the percentage composition, which will be inaccurate.Another important note was after the HCl was added to the aqueous solution, the solution turned bright pink, indicating that some of the methyl orange, which should have remained in the organic layer in the separatory funnel, had made it into our aqueous solution. To counteract this, when the vacuum filtration technique was used, the solid precipitate was wash ed with distiller water to ensure the crystals did not contain a pink tint to them.The reason this lab works was because the first filtration got rid of the organic insoluble cellulose leaving methyl orange and benzoic acid in the ether mixture. Then, using the acid-base extraction technique, benzoic acid was altered to sodium benzoate, rendering it soluble in aqueous solution, which allowed for the separation of the sodium benzoate from the methyl orange (still dissolved in ether) and then the reformation of benzoic acid by adding a strong acid to the aqueous dissolved salt. References: MtCg pg. 129 MtCg pg. 131

Human Fertilisation and Development

Human Fertilisation and Development Each day cute little babies are born into this world and being dazzled by their beauty we forget all about the long complicating process that took place which made it possible to have a baby. Therefore in my essay I am going to discuss the human reproductive cell, fertilisation and the development of a human life. Humans reproduce sexually, with both parents contributing half of the genetic makeup of their offspring via sex cells or gametes.Gametes produced by the male parent through Spermatogenesis process are called spermatozoa (commonly called sperm cells) and gametes produced by females through Oogenesis process are called oocytes (commonly referred to as ova or eggs). As gametes are formed, the 46 chromosomes from each parent cell (23 pairs of chromosomes) are divided through meiosis so that each gamete is haploid, having only 23 unpaired chromosomes. Spermatozoa, produced by males, contain a 23rd chromosome that is either an X chromosome (fem ale) or the analogous Y chromosome (male), making each sperm cell either female or male.Spermatozoa have a head that contains a nucleus, a mid piece that contains mitochondria, and a tail with its end piece. Sperm cells produced in the testes move to the epididymis, a coiled tube at the base of the penis where they are stored and matured. During ejaculation, or the ejection of sperm from the penis during orgasm, sperm travel from the epididymis through a long tube called the vas deferens to the urethra. This single tube, which extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis, is also the means by which urine passes out of the body. Liquid secretions from various glands combine with sperm to form the semen, or seminal fluid.Ejaculated semen may contain as many as 400 million sperm. Oocytes are also haploid, and since they are formed only by females, the 23rd chromosome can only be an X chromosome. Each oocyte is protected by several layers of granulosa cells called the corona radiata . Beneath the corona radiata lays the zona pellucida which is involved in binding the sperm cell, and through which the sperm cell must also penetrate prior to fertilization. The nucleus in an oocyte is called the germinal vessicel, and the nucleolus is referred to as the germinal spot. Eggs are produced in the ovaries, oval-shaped organs in the groin that also generate sex hormones.At birth, a female's ovaries contain hundreds of thousands of undeveloped eggs, each surrounded by a group of cells to form a follicle, or sac; however, only about 360-480 follicles reach full maturity. During puberty the action of hormones causes several follicles to develop each month. Normally, just one follicle fully matures, rupturing and releasing an ovum through the ovary wall in a process called ovulation. The mature egg enters one of the paired fallopian tubes, where it may be fertilized by a sperm and move on to the uterus to develop into a fetus.The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium , prepares for pregnancy each month by thickening, but if fertilization does not take place, the endometrium is shed during menstruation. The development of a human begins with fertilization, a process by which the spermatozoan from the male and the oocyte from the female unite to give rise to a new organism, the zygote. During sexual intercourse, a man releases approximately 300 million sperm into a woman's vagina, but only one of the sperm can fertilize the ovum.The successful sperm cell must enter the uterus, swim up the fallopian tube to meet the ovum, and then pass through a thick coating, known as the zona pellucida, that surrounds the egg. The head of the sperm cell contains enzymes that break through the zona pellucida and allow the sperm to penetrate the egg. Once the head of the sperm is inside the egg, the tail falls off, and the outside of the egg thickens to prevent another sperm from entering, and the fertilized egg (zygote) develops into an embryo. The embryo is now a hollow sphere of cells called a blastocyst.The blastocyst implants itself in the uterine wall. Gastrulation occurs in which cells migrate inward and form a rudimentary digestive cavity. The resulting gastrula has three layers of cells. After gastrulation the three embryonic tissue layers give rise to specific organ systems. Tissues and organs take shape in a developing embryo as a result of cell shape changes, cell migration and programmed cell death. In a process called induction, adjacent cells and cell layers influence each other’s differentiation via chemical signals.Pattern formation, the emergence of the parts of a structure in their correct relative positions, involves the response of genes to spatial variations of chemicals in the embryo. Meanwhile, the four extra embryonic membranes develop: the amnion, the chorion the yolk sac, and the allantois. The embryo floats in the fluid-filled amniotic cavity, while the chorion and embryonic mesoderm form the embryo’s part of the placenta. The placenta’s chorionic villi absorb food and oxygen from the mother’s blood.Human embryonic development is divided into three trimesters of about 3 months each. During the first trimester the embryo begins to develop all vital organs of the baby and by 9 weeks shows a fetus. The fetus looks like a miniature human, although its head is still oversized for the rest of the body. During the second trimester, the fetus continues growing and developing. Its arms, legs, fingers and toes have lengthened. It has the face of an infant with eyebrows and eyelashes. It develops fingernails and toenails and is covered with fine hair.And also it begins to move, kick and open and closes its eye and its teeth are forming. During the third trimester, the fetus gains the strength it will need to survive outside the protective environment of the uterus. The fetus circulatory system undergoes changes that will allow the switch to air breathing and it continues to g row adding layers of fat, bones begin to harden and its muscles thicken. It also loses much of its fine hairs, except on its head and the head changes its proportion. Finishing development is underway preparing for birth.Hormonal changes induce birth; estrogen makes the uterus more sensitive to oxytocins, which acts the prostagland into initiate labor. The cervix dilates, the baby is expelled by strong muscular contractions, and the placenta follows. To conclude, life begins when male and female gametes unite during fertilisation. The embryo develops into a fetus in the mother’s womb and after the three trimesters of growing and developing, the mother cuddles her new born baby boy or girl in her arms which puts a smile on her face.

Statment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Statment - Essay Example t in the investigation of physical bodies of the world, behaviors of atoms, planets and different theories generated by scholars, which can determine high potentiality to choose physics as a major subject. It is necessary to engage in research work weather for organizations or for educational institutes. Both can provide a promising career. Moreover, it can expand knowledge and assumptions of universe. There are other subjects of physics like Quantum Mechanics and String theory, which can provide enthralling experience to relate to the realities of the world as is of great source of value and influence. I have analytical skills, which are needed in physical studies, and I strongly feel that I have what it takes to enhance them and keep them up to date with changing trends and requirement of the course. Physics provides an in-depth empirical knowledge, which is of significant value as it provides manifestation of natural processes of the world. The nature of physical bodies acting on earth and the universe can be captured through research work as it consists of the ability to explore different areas of natural phenomenon. Most of the theories of physics can be applied practically as well which are fascinating. These also bring an element of unpredictability, which is intriguing and mysterious for me. Physics provides exploration of knowledge and it is necessary to instill tactics and techniques through which the innovative fields of physics and investigations, which are carried out by physicists, are kept at abreast on a daily basis. Through this procedure, an individual can be kept informed if there are any updates in the field. It also helps in increasing knowledge regarding forces of nature. Besides these, physics as a major can help find future prospects as a lecturer where strategic skills as a physician can be applied. Moreover, these programs can provide a platform if further studies are carried out in the same fields like a PhD Program or career in other

Toyota Scion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toyota Scion - Research Paper Example mpetitors of scion can’t be said to possess a competitive advantage, but for scion FR-S which has numerous competition can be said to be very trendy due to its engine performance as well the sporty look. The main reason as to why the target market becomes attractive from the descriptive analysis of the target market below is due to the fact that Generation-Y is not fully exploited in automotive industry. This categories of people is estimated to purchase 40% of vehicles bought according to a report by Deloitte. There is a foreseeable increase in the purchases of automobiles from the young generation as indicated by experts (Barkholz, 2012). The market niche of this car can be said to be expanded taking into consideration the Scion FR-S since the older generation considers it due to its performance. This makes the brand to a wider demographic penetrating beyond the targeted segment. Scion operates in a market with stiff competition where trends keep changing and therefore, the brand is continuously threatened by new and upcoming vehicles. As such, Scion has adopted a competitive positioning strategy that seeks to provide new market offing to the market by appealing to the perception of the consumers. Since the target market for scion brands is generation Y, scion has undertaken to appeal to youths through such features such as installation of better standard audio features and special financing for students. Scion’s competitive positioning is also rooted in their marketing campaigns and advertising. The company has realized the need for new untraditional ways of marketing by acknowledging that fact that their target market is very resilient to mass-marketing. Since the target market for scion brands spends most of their time in the internet, most of the marketing campaigns are done online. This makes it possible to communicate with consumers through email campaigns and online chats. Scion also employs the association to most of the elements of generation Y

Is Britain taking the right approach to Prostitution Essay

Is Britain taking the right approach to Prostitution - Essay Example Prostitution is one of the last bulwarks of this way of thinking. In the course of this essay, prostitution in the UK will be examined and it will be argued that it should be legalized. Prostitution in the UK is a dangerous business. Female prostitutes are more likely to be assaulted and murdered and to have shorter lives (Castillo, 126). Prostitutes are often the victims of serial killers as we can see from the Ipswich murders in recent years. We need to find a way to regulate in order to keep sex workers safe. The truth is that under the current law, sex workers are at risk. They must conduct their business under cover of night and have little time to communicate with potential johns due to law prohibiting communication. As such, they are placed at higher risk. Indeed, the very fact that prostitution is not in itself illegal, is an indication of how society thinks it should be dealt with by police. Instead, the various ancillary crimes such as living off the avails of prostitution and communicating for the purposes of prostitution are illegal. This is hypocritical and endangers the lives of sex workers. For this reason, these laws should be struck down. They threaten the human rights of UK sex workers. It is easy to imagine scenarios where the current laws have been responsible for higher crime rates (Phoenix, 52). Take for instance an example of a lonely man who yearns for sexual interaction or intercourse and cannot find a woman who is easily willing to fulfil his sexual needs. It is possible his behaviour may lead him to rape or other illegal behaviour. This need not be the case if prostitution is effectively legalized. Or suppose a married man has a high sex drive then his wife and sometimes his wife is not always available to meet his sexual desires, his behaviour may lead him to abuse her. This too can be avoided if there is a legal outlet. Once prostitution is regulated, sex workers will have more health checks and will be safer. We should follow the l ead of our European neighbours and regulate prostitution (and take the tax revenue from it) rather than continue to criminalize it and force it into the darkest corners of society, where sex workers are most at risk. The very idea that prostitution is effectively illegal stands in the face of political freedom. The truth, in my opinion, is that the freest society is the best one. The government creates lots of laws in order to prevent people from making the most of their lives. Of course, some laws are necessary, such as murder is wrong, but many other laws serve no purpose: in the end they just create a â€Å"nanny state.† Libertarianism stands against needless laws and in favour of freedom. The government should play only the smallest role in our lives and should not tell us who we can and cannot sleep with. Libertarianism is a political philosophy that idealizes personal freedom and non-judgement (Nozick 32). More than ever before, people in the UK living in a Nanny State. A Nanny State is one that uses excessive state controls, for example, lots of unnecessary laws, to restrict its citizens’ freedom. It believes that it knows best and that citizens should follow its morality. Of course, there is a general feeling that certain things are wrong and should be discouraged or criminalized, but for proponents of the Nanny State, the government should seize control of actions and issues where there is no consensus and unilaterally impose its view of morality on these issues. We

Privacy, Security in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Privacy, Security in the 21st Century - Essay Example Others, however, find even the old surveillance technologies to be disturbing. The ubiquitous security surveillance camera, for example, still has the power to stir controversy; witness the post-9/11 reaction to the National Park Service's plan to put round-the clock security cameras in the national parks within the nation's capitol (DeBose 1). For those people concerned with any new-found surveillance ability, the constitutionally-guaranteed right to privacy is violated by the merest hint of "big brother" monitoring their activity. The advance of technology, however, is not subject to public opinion; it is simply a fact that newer and better means of obtaining information are going to continue to be developed. Appropriately applied, these new methods have the ability to greatly enhance the safety and security of the general public and there is no question that science will continue to advance these capacities. The burden of balancing privacy with technology will have to be placed upon the courts. The provided quotes from Benjamin Franklin and H. L. Mencken demonstrate the perspectives of two different philosophical positions in two different worlds.

Arm Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arm Intervention - Essay Example "Even actions that seem to aim only at the establishment or restoration of order have implications for justice." (Hoffman) The decision to intervene poses a perplexing set of questions. It is observed that the United States has no vivid guideline to decide where and when to intervene. As for example the Clinton administration had to face many problems regarding arm intervention in Somalia, Haiti and in Bosnia. Which was termed p. 21. ) as "Provisional, fragile, and reversible." Mandelbaum, 1996). It is imperative for the Administration and Congress both to adopt certain criteria to follow before approving the military intervention. There are several factors which make the intervention difficult for the administration. Now the world has become volatile and unpredictable which pose a hindrance to draft out a strategy which is clear and attainable. Then there is dilemma for the Americans to decide about the military intervention. Henry Kissinger has described this dilemma. ... Then there is dilemma for the Americans to decide about the military intervention. Henry Kissinger has described this dilemma. "America's dominant task is to strike a balance between the twin temptations inherent in its exceptionalism: the notion that America must remedy every wrong and stabilize every dislocation, and the latent instinct to withdraw into itself. Indiscriminate involvement in all the ethnic turmoil and civil wars of the post-Cold War world would drain a crusading America. Yet an America that confines itself to the refinement of its domestic virtues would, in the end, abdicate America's security and prosperity to decisions made by other societies in faraway places and over which America would progressively lose control. Not every evil can be combated by America, even less by America alone. But some monsters need to be, if not slain, at least resisted. What is most needed are criteria for selectivity." (Kissinger, 1994), There is no doubt that U.S is in desperate need of military intervention policy which is The United States needs a military intervention policy that is unswerving with America's role as the greatest power of today's world. It requires safeguarding the national security interests of U.S by keeping in mind many military options which include preventive attacks, deterrence, diplomacy and sometimes peace operations. "An intervention policy should discriminate between America's interests and how best to defend them so that America's limited military resources will be used where they are most needed and most effective and not wasted on inconsequential operations of little lasting significance" References Coady, C.A.J. (2002) .The Ethics of Armed Humanitarian Intervention.

White flight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

White flight - Essay Example locations as well as from underdeveloped to contemporary locations the resettlement of people has been perceived as a positivist trend for the settlers themselves as well as for their adopted homelands / towns, because of its ability to contribute in the process of revolutionizing such homelands. Several theories exist, which attempt to describe such a phenomenon, whereby people belonging to a particular region or culture migrate in large numbers to other areas. According to one such theory put forward by Bottomore (1991), imperialism is a system of monopolistic exchange whereby â€Å"excess† is channelized from subsidiary territories to frontrunner sectors which are thriving in all aspects. In other words it is also described as process that suggests domination of underdeveloped countries or regions at the hand of the well established nations1. The theories illustrating the new trend of large scale immigration of Hispanics in the white dominated areas, of southern California, particularly, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, and Riverside, emerged during the early 1990s2 whereby such a trend was contemplated as a part of a global phenomenon with large chunks of population from less developed economies migrated in large numbers to more developed ones in search of better prospects. The concentration of Hispanics in Southern California is relatively high as compared to those belonging to non Hispanic races. According to the Southern California Association of Governments Region (SCAG)3 the significant number of Hispanics in various regions of southern California is a result of the state’s close proximity to the Mexican border as well as the ensuing symbiotic association among the various counties of the southern part of California and Mexico. The Los Angeles region has witnessed a long and impressive history of foreign migration since its founding. According to the State of California Department of Finance report4, the number of whites residing in Los Angeles is

Trace the events surrounding the Birth of Texas Essay

Trace the events surrounding the Birth of Texas - Essay Example The Mexican War was a large event that lasted from 1846 – 1848. This war was initiated over borders. This war helped determine Texan borders and allowed for Texas to house its current shape and size. Before the Mexican War Texas was Spanish owned and slow to develop. After settlers took over Texas, Texas flourished with natural resources. Since Texas was once owned by the Spanish it is home to many Spanish Americans. When Texas was Spanish owned it quickly became over populated with American settlers. American settlers saw the potential that Texas housed and were eager to develop. This over population of Americans, land disputes and promising future fueled Americans to fight and take over this land from the Spanish. After just a few short years of battle, Texas became known as the Independent Republic of Texas. The independent Republic of Texas lasted for ten years. During these ten years many smaller events took place and are now know as Texan history. This republic lasted from 1836 to 1846. The Texas Revolution is largely responsible for the states independence. The first flag of Texas was the Burnet Flag and was eventually replaced by the current and well known lone star flag. There were many different presidents during this time and a formal congress. After holding its own republic for ten years Texas eventually became known as the 28th state of America. This annexation into the United States took place in 1845. This was a success as the first annexation in 1837 was unsuccessful due to the thought of war. Oil, oil and more oil was largely popular in the early 1900’s. The discovery of the much oil housed by Texas allowed Texas to eventually become a very wealthy state. In 1901, oil was discovered which led to the discovery of much more oil which covered basically the whole entire state of Texas. Texas and its discovery of oil allowed for Texas to grow and become powerful. The use of oil was so powerful in Texas that the state

Can Exercise Make Kids Smarter Essay Example for Free

Can Exercise Make Kids Smarter Essay I do feel exercise does and could make kids smarter. This article is mainly about scientist testing kids and animals to see how they react and their knowledge after exercising for certain amounts of time. In the article they prove scientifically that exercise has no real change on I. Q. and intelligence levels. Then they tested it and then made the pets and animals run some kind of test and instantly they scored went up just a little at least. Exercise I think just gets your mind working and thinking and that’s all that helps the scores. In my life I feel that when I get up a little early and do some quick activities my brain and mind are ready to think for the rest of the day. So I agree with the idea in this article. This article I think is truly about how exercise changes and helps the life of young people and animals. I feel exercise should be at least done every other day for at least 1 hour. Usually just getting up and exercising means you miss one game of x box or you miss one TV show, but in the big picture of life it is important to exercise. To the scientific part I think exercise gives you a mind set that your mind is fresh and clear and that’s why the scientific test don’t pick up a simple thing like that. Well I do feel exercise if nothing else sets your mind set and tells you you CAN do well on the test and comprehend a lot more that without exercise. This article helped me realize a lot about exercise and how sometimes scientific test are not as accurate as what they seem.

Stephen King and Langston Hughes - Perspectives on Good Writing Essay Example for Free

Stephen King and Langston Hughes Perspectives on Good Writing Essay In How to Be a Bad Writer (in Ten Easy Lessons), by Langston Hughes, and Everything You Need to Know About Writing Successfully – in Ten Minutes, by Stephen King, the reader is advised on a variety of writing topics. Hughes, a product of segregation and racism, uses biting humor and sarcasm to rail against bad writing, whereas King, a former teacher and a product of the counterculture movement, uses folksy charm to instruct us. King cleverly prefaces his advice with a self-effacing story about learning to write in his sophomore year of High School. In essence, he says that if he could do it, then so can we, if we listen. King values brevity (remove every extraneous word) and warns us not to get on a soapbox and preach. King also has great respect for the process, from drafting to submission etiquette, and belittles those of us who do not know the markets. In conclusion, he states, â€Å"And if you listened, you can write everything and anything you want.† It sounds seductively simple, and that is King’s greatest success. He makes you believe. Hughes takes the gloves off in How to Be a Bad Writer (in Ten Easy Lessons). He scolds us with ten critical statements and leaves us to do the reverse engineering. Hughes places a premium on honesty, devoting half of his essay to that message. One example is, â€Å"Never write about anything you know, your home town, or your home folks, or yourself.† Hughes attacks dishonesty, verbosity, and affectation with, â€Å"Have nothing to say, but use a great many words, particularly high-sounding words, to say it.† When you add Hughes’ instruction to use stereotypes of older stereotypes, his anger is evident. Sadly, Hughes race-related advice, if not some of his terminology, remains relevant. There is no universally correct way to be a successful writer and I find it comforting that neither author refers to his advice as rules or laws. King and Hughes have given us valuable reference tools to assist in developing our own techniques. It is up to us to choose how we will apply their advice.

Summitry Analysis and Diplomacy

Summitry Analysis and Diplomacy This essay represents the perfect and imperfect world of summitry and it also discusses on how summitry can be integrated as a constructive mode of diplomacy. Summitry has indeed changed the landscape of political interactions between states and political leaders across the globe over the past years. In respect to this, Churchill questioned the crowd during one of the House of Commons meeting in 1953, if there is not at the summit of the nations the wish to win the greatest prize of peace, where can men look for hope? (Churchill cited in Eban, 1983, p. 360). The idea behind Churchills statement is that, it explains on how summitry can be an instrument in getting states actors to gather at one place to discuss on international political issues among them (Dunn, 1996, p. 4). Ideally, summits not only have been used as a tool to break down intense barriers between nation states leaders, but it has also helped state leaders to be more focused in addressing issues of their concerns in the best possible way. Although, in the real world of summitry, this is not always the case. As Plischke argues in Modern Diplomacy: It should not be regarded as an instant elixir for the assuagement of crisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to dissimulate relief from the realities of inter-governmental ailment (1979, p. 186). To begin with, this essay will discuss both on some of the possible strengths and flaws of the different types summits. It also argues on how summitry can be infused as a tool of a constructive means of diplomacy and it will also unearth some factors that could help determine the success of summits. The first part of this essay discusses on how summitry could be a tool in the engagement of public diplomacy and followed by with an insight on how timing is crucial in initiating a summit. Meanwhile, the second part of this essay details on how summitry could provide an opportunity for state leaders to administrate and show their capabilities in winning a summit. The perfect and imperfect world of Summitry Summits are designed in such a way where each and every one of them has various themes and different objectives to be fulfilled. One must be able to segregate the different types of summits and its goals in order to further the understanding on the roles of summits. For instance, bilateral, multilateral, regional and global summits. Now, this boils down to one question, how effective are these summitries in resolving the targeted issues? The answer to this is rather subjective. Since each summit has its different purpose, the measure of success would vary as well and therefore it is difficult to layout the positive and negative aspects of summitry in general (Melissen, 2003, p. 4). For instance, the Yalta summit in 1945 and the Paris Conference of Parties 21 (COP 21) in 2015 are seventy years apart and may have little significant in common. Hence, generalising summits into one big picture would be very difficult. Looking at the different types of summits, the Rio Earth Summit or also known as United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was one of the largest intergovernmental global climate conference ever organised. It was represented by over one hundred and eighty countries and participated by over one hundred states and government leaders across the globes. It was indeed a media magnet event that catches the attention of the news and broadcasters from all over the world (Dunn, 1996, p. 220). This calls for an engagement in public diplomacy for state and government leaders. The purpose of the summit was to synthesise the global economic landscape or development towards a more forward looking context which takes into account on the preservation of the environment (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1998). Dunn also mentioned in Diplomacy at the Highest Level: It was hoped that this serve as a blueprint for how the nations of the world could preserve the environment and achieve sustainable development in the twenty-first century (1996, p. 222). In relation to this, the Rio Earth Summit were seen to be a quite symbolic kind of summitry (Dunn, 1996, p. 249). This is due to the nature of the summit in which it possesses a propaganda value to it that could be either used for good purpose or just for the sake of winning the hearts of the domestic and general audiences through their participation. Not only it was the largest and the most costly climate change summit that was ever held, but it was also attended by hundreds of state leaders from all over the world. Hence, the opportunity to engage in public diplomacy was pretty massive (Palmer, 1992). To put it briefly, attending such an eventful summit was worth every moment of being noticed by the public considering the number of media coverage during that time was enormous. According to Dunn, attending the summit was very much an attestation to these state leaders in showing their relentless commitments towards the preservation of the environment regardless if they did not agree upon the discussed agendas during the meeting. They want to be perceived as a leader who cares about just everything and they wish to give an impression to the general public that they are trying to make some changes (1996, p. 249). This approach is often used as a form of public diplomacy and indeed, it can be considered as a constructive mode of diplomacy. For example, Bush used the opportunity to be seen as a good leader by attending the summit despite of the series of situations that was going on in the US during that time. His hands were tight with different kinds of issues including his upcoming re-election. Hence, to be seen under the limelight were one of the many ways for him to attain more credits from the domestic audiences (Dunn, 1996, p. 233). As stated by Hamilton and Langhorne in The Practice of Diplomacy, air travel and television cameras have made world statesmen of the humblest party hacks (1995, p. 221). Having said that, summit has not only been beneficial for s tate leaders but also for the politicians in hope to enhance their status in the public from meeting all these world leaders. In respect to this, symbolic summits are not just limited to this kind of agenda, but it could also exemplify the relations between nations through summits. To support this statement, as documented by Dunn in Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The handshake on the White House lawn between Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin in 1993 was equally important as an attempt to symbolize the new era of relations between Israel and the Palestinian people (1996, p. 248). On the other side of this coin, level of preparation process in terms of timing also matters in ensuring the success of a summit. Regardless of its positive strand in the engagement of public diplomacy, Rio Earth Summit was barely a mere success. For instance, Rio Earth Summit was not a perfect timing for countries like the US. Considering that US was perceived to be the paramount actor in this conference, but in the actual fact, the US delegations were really keeping their heads down throughout the meetings (Dunn, 1996, p. 233). How does timing has got anything to do with this? In the case of the US, the countrys economy was going through a recession and as mentioned earlier, President Bush was also due for his nearing re-election. One of his main concerns were also the risk of committing into any agreement on the sustainable developmental programmes that was discussed during the summit. The potential results from agreeing to any agreements from the summit were rather ambiguous as i t could jeopardise the USs employment level even further and also, his fear for losing the trust and his wealthy conservative supporters from both the political parties the US (Dunn, 1996, p. 233). Hence, this explains for the quiet actions from the US delegation at Rio Earth Summit. Therefore, the summit could have been more favourable if the US did not have to hold back due to their situations back home. In addition to this, US was not the only one who were torn in leading the conference, the EC (European Community) could have also done a greater job at it but of all the EC state members, only Germany was set on making an equitably significant amount of commitment towards the agreement. The rest of the other EC state members like Italy and France were on the same boat as the US due to their respective issues in their home countries (Dunn 1996, p. 233). As articulated by Weihmiller, Doder and Newsom in U.S.- Soviet Summits, that, timing of a summit has been seen as one of the criti cal factors in ensuring the success of a summit (1986, p. 98). In retrospect, the issue on timing were noticeably reflected during the Kennedy Khrushchev summit in 1961 at Vienna which severely affected the resolution to the root of the problem. It was too soon to be holding another summit as the Paris summit of the year before that were not settled yet and to top it all, the issues with Berlin previously has lead this summit to a total flop (Weihmiller et al., 1986, p. 99). In this context, when summit is initiated at a wrong time, it could lead to a waste of resources and also, affecting diplomatic relations between state leaders as the subject discussed during the conference remains unresolved. Therefore, it remains debateable to as whether or not if summitry can be an elixir or regarded as an effective mode of diplomacy. On a brighter side, summits could also provide room for state actors or non-state actors to show their capabilities in leading a summit especially on international level that could not be consummated on a lower level (Dunn, 1996, p. 251). This has been seen on some climate change conferences such as the recent Paris Agreement (COP 21), Kyoto Protocol (COP 3) or even Copenhagen Agreement (COP 15) in 2009. The European Union (EU) in particular. The EU has tremendously manifested the world with their pro-climate change leadership. What they are doing is an incontestably positive in attracting other state members to follow their footsteps. As Maljean-Dubois and Wemaera states in their journal, Carbon Climate Law Review, EU has always claimed a climate leadership role in the climate negotiations, leading by example with its ambitious climate policy (2016, p. 3). That said, summitry is not only impactful in terms of public diplomacy, but it is also a constructive method in improving diplo matic relations through positive movements by a bold leader such as the EU. Although to be fair, the United States were one of the first and the most powerful supporters of international climate change and environmental agreements. However, the limelight has shifted to the EU as the major leader in global environmental scene (Kelemen and Vogel, 2009). In light of this, summitry can also give a fair opportunity for leaders from small nations to represent themselves on the highest league table and hence, making them more noticeable in the global diplomatic arena. This was proven when the Small Island Developing states (SIDS) and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) managed to turn the table at the COP 15 at Copenhagen in 2009 (de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013). Climate change is a threat for small island nations especially those of which nations which are prone to extreme weather conditions. As stated by de à gueda Corneloup and Mol in International Environmental Agreemen ts, The raise of sea temperature threatens marine ecosystems, on which small island populations usually strongly depend (2013, p. 282). The SIDS were able to negotiate through the representative organisation, AOSIS and be heard by the rest of the other state members at COP 15. Being in a vulnerable position themselves, this has helped them to initiate action plans through several leadership skills and remained as significant as other state members at the summit. Their perseverance has lead them to some fairly successful negotiations especially on the 1.5 ÃÅ'Ã…  C target as it was finally embedded in the Copenhagen Accord (de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013). However, summits on climate change are often being seen as highly sensitive area and often associated to the level of power that the state actors have. For instance, considering SIDS state members are seen to be on a weaker side as they have very little power on the international level, structural power of state actors is oft en regarded as a determining factor in any international negotiations (de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013). As disclosed by Ambassador Dessima Williams of Grenada at the COP 15 summit: We went in, AOSIS fought for everything we could come out withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as you could see we didnt come out with much (Wasuka cited in de à gueda Corneloup and Mol, 2013, p. 291). To put it briefly, no matter how much effort has been pumped into these summits by these weaker states, level of structural power of state actors is still one of the major determinant in negotiation process on any international summits. Summit: yes or no? What can be concluded based on the arguments above is that, despite of its contestations on the effectiveness and its constructive role in diplomacy, summitry has become an indispensable means of convention both on regional and international level. As Dunn argues in Diplomacy at the highest level: Summitry has evolved considerably in the post-war period. From being an exceptional and therefore high-profile event, summitry has developed to become a frequent and routine instrument of international diplomacy (Dunn, 1996, p. 265). However, one cannot deny that summitry has its substantive risks particularly on how the timing matters in initiating a summit especially involving states from all across the globe. The aim of a summit is not to only discuss on the subject of interests, but also to produce a fair outcome by the end of the meetings. Or else, the effort of organising a summit will be in vain if nothing comes out of it. Hence, it is crucial to take into account timing as one of the important factors during the preparation period. Although to be fair, factors like economic recessions and political instability of other state members are something that is rather inevitable. In this respect, the power position of ones state has also been a major determinant in ensuring the success of reaching the summits objectives. On a lighter note, summitry has been proven to be an effective mechanism for some weaker states to be prominent in the global arena despite for its limited structural power. In addition to this, summitry also has a unique nature that it could be use as tool in promoting public diplomacy especially in a global scale summit. This has been utilised as a best practice by state leaders and diplomats in pursuit of grabbing the attention of the public eye including the media. Especially in an era of free flow of information, state leaders and diplomats find summits to be quite amusing as public opinions matters in todays world of politics. Regardless of the outcome of the summit, these leaders do not walk out of the conference with empty handed. Some walk out of the summit with pride and several accomplishments, but in many instances, most of them walk out with just one thing, a free publicity to themselves. Which how I would like to put it as, free-riding at its best.

Dating: Bars, Clubs, And Personal Advertisements :: essays research papers

Dating: Bars, Clubs, and Personal Advertisements Single adults partake of many activities to seek dates and find mates. Many use advertisements in local newspapers to attract possible candidates for a relationship. Others go to single's clubs and bars to find their potential soul mate. The type of activities people choose are dependent on the person's self- esteem and self-confidence. The information for this research was obtained from the article â€Å"Self Esteem of Persons Seeking Dates Via Bars, Singles Clubs, and Personal Advertisements.† The article was written by Paul Yelsma and Paul L. Wienir. It appears in â€Å"Sociological Spectrum† for January - March 1996.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The research method used in this article was a questionnaire. These questionnaires were sent to people who advertised in the local paper. Single's club participants were presented questionnaires and asked to complete them at one of the two clubs in the same geographic region. Those who attended bars were either contacted directly or given questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed by 152 subjects: 40 from ads; 62 attended singles clubs, and 50 frequented bars. (Yelsma and Weinir, p. 35)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What effect does self esteem have in a person's decision on what type of method to use to find their possible companion? It is shown that people with lower self-esteems tend to choose personal advertisements, while people with higher self esteems tend to lean towards the bar scene. Others with a mediocre self-esteem seem to go towards the clubs scene. According to Josephs, Larrick, Steele, and Nisbett, (1992, p. 27) â€Å"The higher one's self esteem, the less one has to fear from threats to the self, and individuals with higher levels of self-esteem should be less affected by the threats to the self.† This means that the higher ones self esteem is, the more they will not be afraid to show themselves in public. Those with the low self-esteems, will hide behind the words of a personal advertisement, while those with higher self-esteems will be open enough to attempt to meet people on a personal basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the reasons people are reluctant to use personal ads are because of their odd beginnings. In the early days of personal ads, they were used by those seeking homosexual relationships, and for â€Å"immoral actions.† However, since then, the have become much popular. People from all walks of life use personal ads to attract others with similar likes and dislikes. In a personal advertisement, the person making the ad gets the advantage of never actually meeting the person before first contact. This allows them to have a veil of secrecy around them. For those with low self-esteem, this allows them to hide

If I had it my way, I would tone down the zero tolerance act. It Essay

If I had it my way, I would tone down the zero tolerance act. It just punishes too harshly for some things. I think that it needs to distinguish the difference between minor problems, like playing with a toy gun, and major problems, like having drugs. Zero Tolerance The zero tolerance policies call for students to receive automatic suspensions or expulsions as punishment for certain offenses, primarily those involving weapons, threats, or drugs. I agree that safety is an important concern in schools, but sometimes the zero tolerance policy is taken too far. It is as if administrators don’t distinguish between minor and major discretions. I do believe that students who get in fights or who bring drugs into school should be punished. However, a third grader who shouts â€Å"b...

Technology in Education Essay -- Technological Classroom Computers Ess

Technology in Education In our lives today we expect technology to make a difference, and particularly in furthering our education. We see technologies effects as beneficial. We look for it to change, and improve, what has come before it. Technology is the set of means without which certain kinds of constructive activity would be almost impossible. It supports our efforts to appeal to different learning styles which give us a way to interact with each other and extend the learning experiences. It is a good way to extend the essential skills and knowledge of students. By integrating technology into our educational programs it provides students with additional tools to enhance their learning. Technology allows us to demonstrate teaching strategies and also provide teachers with skills to succeed in the classroom. It changes the structure and the manor in which we learn. Such technologies used in education from the past, present and beyond are the typewriter, computer games, internet, and communication. The relationship between technology and education can be characterized as a process of change and innovation. In the beginning societies depended on oral communication then the written language was developed. Making an alphabet made learning to read and write much easier then in the past. As technologies of written language became prevalent and more people became literate social structures formed. The next big step towards a better education was the industrial revolution. The technology that occurred during the revolution created a need for workers in the newly created factories shifting learning to prepare kids to work in such factories. Technologies such as the typewriter and printing press made it easier to make documents i... ...k/elearning/story/0,10577,1336801,00.html 6. Hinchliffe, Lisa ( 2002) Helping Early Childhood Teacher Education Learn about the Internet ( 2004) www.libraryinstuction.com/early childhood.html-19k 7. New Horizons for Learning (2002, September) http://www.newhorizons.org 8. Christopher Latham Sholes (2005, March) Typewriter http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story097.htm Books 9. Kerr, Stephen T and Rehage, Kenneth(eds.) (1996) Technology and the future of schooling. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 10. Isenberg, Joan P. (2003) Major trends and issues in early childhood education: Challenges, controversies, and insights. New York: Teachers College Press 11. Monroe, Barbra Jean (2004) Crossing the digital divide race, writing, and technology in the classroom. New York: Teachers College Press.

Cigarette Law Reinforced

Have you ever been around someone smoking? Yuck right, well almost half of the world’s children breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke, which worsens asthma and causes dangerous disease. America has a problem with smoking, an estimated 430,000 Americans die each year from the effects of cigarette smoking. But the real problem is not just people smoking but it is when people toss their cigarette buds out their car window. About 240 million cigarette buds are thrown on the ground a year by the U. S.  alone, these buds eventually wash down into streams, lakes, rivers and bays causing massive pollution. This is why there should be a larger penalty for people who are caught throwing cigarette buds on the ground whether it be walking down the street on in a car. An estimated 4. 5 trillion cigarette buds are tossed worldwide which end up in waterways and oceans, leaking traces of how toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke take 12 years to decompose. By creating a harsher punishmen t would make people think twice about smoking while inside their cars and blowing it out to the cars beside them.It has been estimated that half of the world’s children have breathed in second hand smoke from other cars, what would seem like a small amount to you could be very damaging to a developing child’s lungs. Also it could possibly be damaging to adults who are stuck in traffic for hours a day just breathing the toxic air you are polluting which doesn’t affect just the one or two people next to you, the smoke can travel through the air into people’s lungs without you or them even knowing it.The polluted air that children and adults are breathing in, maybe on a daily bases, has been known to hold over 4,000 chemical compounds, 60 of which are known to cause to cause many diseases. Creating a harsher punishment for cigarette pollution could not only save the world but save people too. Making a stricter law would not only stop people from littering, b ut it would also benefit the economy. Tobacco companies spend over 4 billion dollars each year on advertising and promotion of their deadly products.Also smoking costs the nation over $100 billion per year in health care costs and lost productivity, that's about $398 per American each year. In Washington State there is record of $1. 3 billion dollars spent each year on health care costs associated with caring for people with tobacco related illnesses. This is what is destroying the economy and putting America in a national debt. Last the cost of a pack of cigarettes averages around $4. 50 to $5, including taxes, depending on where you live.Using the lower number, a pack-a-day smoker burns through about $31.50 per week, or $1,638 per year. That could be used for a house payment or a nice vacation with the family. A 40-year-old who quits smoking and puts the savings into a 401(k) earning 9% a year would have nearly $250,000 by age 70. So making a stricter law would benefit the economy and yourself in expenses. Studies have shown that 50% of a life time smokers die because of diseases from the tar and many other chemicals put into their bodies. Scientists have proven that if you smoke a pack a day, then you die on an average 10 years sooner.Each cigarette takes 11 minutes off of your life expectancy. All smokers think that by smoking they are only damaging their health. They are ignorant about the fact that their smoking is indirectly affecting others health. And they are one of the direct contributors to the environmental pollution. If people had harsher punishment for littering cigarette buds onto the ground they would realize that smoking isn’t really worth its while after paying off all their fines and maybe even time in jail.Some people may argue that actually enforcing such a punishment would cost too much money on the government, the police department and the process it would have to go through to actually become a law. But with an estimated 48. 2 m illion smokers in the U. S. the economy would gain a great deal of money from an estimated 100-700 people who drop their cigarettes on the ground and could be fined for the act of littering. While not only does the pollution from the cigarettes leave a permanent scar on earth it also kills 440,000 people a year and making stricter laws would help this large number of deaths decrease.Even though it may be pricey for the process of this becoming a law it would benefit the U. S. citizens from death. In conclusion, people should not have to be forced to put their bodies at risk of second hand smoke and the earth should not have to be polluted by people who chose to ruin their lives and others by smoking. By creating a law saying that if one is littering their cigarette anywhere they should have to pay a major fine, depending if it is their first offense or not, or do time in jail. Pollution is a serious problem and needs to be solved quickly before our air becomes permanently damaged.

The Unification Of Germany And Italy History Essay

The fusion of both Germany and Italy changed each state everlastingly. The impact for both the fusion of Germany and Italy created a forceful mentality for independency, economic growing, and a strong patriotism. However, to each its ain can be a statement here, as the fusions besides brought bloody war, separation, and commanding political relations. This essay will compare and contrast the fusion of Germany and the fusion of Italy. War is war. It is a natural force, it can unify some, and divide others, and the fusion of both Germany and Italy are to be understood with the same frame of idea for this essay. The similarities for Germany and Italy are many, but here I will name the points that are most recognizable from an academic position. Chiefly it is of import to notate that both unification procedures required the work and order of a confident leader. Even though the fusion of Italy required a changed in leading, the procedure led to the same end. Where Germany had, Bismarck, Italy had di Cavor. Bismarck was known as the â€Å" Bloody Iron. † His ideas of fusion were of pure endurance. He required barbarous force to derive integrity for Germany. Italy ‘s leading thought with a more political mentality. Camilo di Cavor ( the kingsmen that eventually took Italy all the manner into fusion ) relied more on blessing from political groups and out of economic despair. In add-on, Italy had a larger battle due to the extent of the current disorganisation and separation of her boundary lines. There were at least 39 single bordering locations to unify with what subsequently became the capital of Italy, Rome. In add-on, both fusions had a end of unifying their broken state and supplying a centralised authorities regulation. However, being that the logical thinking is considered to include economic agencies in both fusions ; the importance in the economic base for Italy was far more of import and necessary. Italy had faced bankruptcy and a great depression from all of the anterior promises from anterior leaders. This was Italy ‘s chief thrust, endurance after multiple attempts and complete old failure. The rudimentss of each state and their push for fusion were that multiple districts desired the integrity of so holding control and running one united state or authorities. The demands for the people were presented different in the narrative of the fusions, but the demands for a authorities do look of import, if non more of import, to the fusion procedure. Germany had a program and struck while the Fe was hot, where Italy had to take some major falls before they were able to unify as one. Unlike other wars, the fusions of both Germany and Italy gained support from all societal categories. The fusion ‘s intent for both of the states led to a patriotism to let each state excessively so thrive. The societal populations of both states shared the same demands, but for different commanding factors. Austria ruled Northern Italy, and the Catholic Church controlled cardinal Italy. Germany was nowhere nigh every bit discombobulated as Italy, yet had the same desire of centralisation control in authorities and policy. Equally far as existent procedure of fusion, merely put, Germany ‘s fusion procedure did differ in ways from the fusion of Italy. Where Italy was under a pollex of foreign control, Germany was independent. Some of the foreign controls for Italy included Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Pope, the Duchies of Spoleto and the land of Two Siciles. Germany entered fusion with a major war with France and subsequently established universe power, but this was through denial of advice from multiple countries, including the Pope! Their consistent disposition led to a speedy triumph. Another signifier of difference between both states ‘ fusion is the existent procedure required to derive each of their fusions. Germany won their unification rapidly and swift, merely seven hebdomads, where Italy was a bloody conflict for their lone authorities for multiple old ages and multiple leaders. Italy took old ages longer along with a batch of leader and male monarch restructuring excessively eventually derive the same success as Germany. Even though each state had similar aims, their thoughts of the demand to unite did differ somewhat. Germany wanted to organize a â€Å" 3rd Germany † in which Germany excluded from Austria and Prussia. Germany besides gained their fusion through direct and unfastened struggle. On the reverse, Italy ‘s objected was to divide themselves from France in hope of a lone authorities. There were enormous up ‘s and down ‘s for Italy and her people, and unification fit the demand at the clip. Looking at the leaders for each of the fusions, Italy faced failure through Napoleon after merely 100 yearss into war. He was subsequently exiled and succeeded by Louis IVIII, this led to the public violences of the people and the non-support due a direct failure that subsequently led to a belly-up Italy. Later, enters Italy ‘s premier curate of the land Savoy, Camilo di Cavor. He launches war and uses diplomatic negotiations and war to drive power. He is better known as the Brain. Cavour is the leader that eventually led Italy ( after a few failed efforts ) to fusion. The procedure was long and hard, but the wages was deserving Italy ‘s cicatrixs. Germany ‘s leader is merely one adult male, Otto Von Bismarck. In 1862, Bismarck was appointed the King of Prussia. Bismarck used policy of Realpolitik to regulate. Bismarck held small or no idea to single moralss, over all ethical motives, or current legalities. Bismarck ‘s end was to beef up military and the industrialized the nucleus of Germany and Germany ‘s people. His ideas of fusion were unite German provinces under one ruleaˆÂ ¦simply stated, non Austrian, but Prussian regulation! Quickly, the Germans defeated the Gallic and at the terminal of the war, all of the German provinces joined with Prussia to unify as one German State. The chauvinistic feeling was on the rise during the clip that Bismarck and Cavor controlled the states of Germany and Italy. Both leaders opted to work that experiencing through war. Through Treaties, confederations were formed for Germany, but it is through failure so success that confederations were formed for Italy. Both fusions served similar intents and yet different concluding. As I stated in the beginning of this essay, the impact for both the fusion of Germany and Italy created a forceful mentality for independency, economic growing, and a strong patriotism. The terminal wages for both Germany and Italy remain the same, remarkable patriotism through combined integrity.

Barometer Rising

The role of disaster In Barometer Rising symbolizes Canada as a rising nation monopolizing together through the resurfacing of concealed Identity, while In â€Å"The Marine Excursions of the Knights of Pathway† undermines collective Identity through the use of repetition and ironic humor. In Barometer Rising, Neil suffers a catastrophe that robs him of identity which pushes him to re-possession of self and struggle for legality in relation to place. His identity and alienation is related to the crisis of identity and psychological isolation of his community.He stands for growth f love, self-respect and community partly because of his desire expressed in ship designing, his daughter, Jean, and his feelings for his country, â€Å"halls throat became constricted and he had a furious desire for expression: this anomalous land, this sprawling waste of timber and rock and water where the only living sounds were the footfalls of animals or the fantastic laughter of a loon, this empt y tract of primordial silences and winds and erosion and shifting colors, this beadlike string of crude towns and cities tied by nothing but railway tracks, this nation undiscovered by, the rest of the world and unknown to Itself†¦ Ironically, he is blown up Like Halifax Is blown up; and he has to carry the Identity of an Englishman for two years, In order to survive. Both Neil and Halifax are blown up as part of a war for which they are not responsible. In the aftermath, Roadie Wan, Penelope twelve year old brother, discovers that what has happened is â€Å"not an adventure but a catastrophe. It is real, not â€Å"a vision transported from France or Serbia†¦ † However, the explosion in Halifax is not tragic, as Neil thinks, â€Å"no matter what the Canadians did over there, they were not living out the sociological results of their own lives when they crawled through the ranches of France. The war might be Canada's catastrophe, but It was not her tragedy; just as this explosion in Halifax was catastrophic but not tragic. † Contrastingly, Penelope is also a representation of love, self-respect and community. She bears the natural child and ensures it is well placed and accessible. She translates some of Nil's ideas about ship design Into substantial form.She declares the legitimacy of woman as expert and professional and fully realizable human being. Together they are, according to Angus Murray, â€Å"two people who could seem at home almost anywhere, who had inherited as a matter of course and in their own neutron the urbane and technical heritage of both Europe and the eastern united States. † Before the beginning of the novel, Neil, Penelope and Jean represent Canada. The war is a catastrophe to it and happens to it. It is not a sociological result of their lives nor Is It their tragedy. After the explosion Colonel Wan and Alex MacKenzie are dead. Angus Murray, the philosophical doctor has risen to the needs of his people.Fir stly, the narrator tells in his own way speaks about the town's social organization in his own way, for instance, † .. Everybody is in everything. On SST. Andrews Day every man in town wears a thistle on SST. George's Day why shouldn't a man feel glad that he's an Englishman? † and so n. Everybody in Marinara seems to be in perfect connection with everyone else, regardless of any differences in between various age and social groups, a society that is seemingly composed of a single unit, â€Å"So you will easily understand that of course everybody belongs to the Knights of Pathway and the Masons and Deflowers, Just as they all belong to the Snow Shoe Club and the Girls' Friendly Society†.Such a type of collective community is far from being beneficent to the town, as it creates an essentially inwards-oriented social organization that cares only for its immediate monuments, and is concerned with preserving its apparent uniformity, no matter now assure It gets Hereto fore, It also creates Ana encourages ten squalliest AT provincial ignorance and inwards-oriented isolation generating a small-town atmosphere, where everything is small and extremely insignificant in scope. For example, the residents of Marinara want to appear intellectual when they are really not People living in Marinara like to pretend to be scholarly, possessing greater knowledge than what they actually have. ,. The author has the narrator talking about the steamer Marinara Belle, using repetition to show his frustration, â€Å"Whether hey are built by Harlan and Wolff of Belfast, or whether, on the other hand, they are not built by Harlan and Wolff of Belfast, is more than one would like to say offhand†.People living in Marinara like to pretend to be scholarly, possessing greater knowledge than what they actually have. The story foreshadows the steamer having an accident; the narration turns to forewarning â€Å"for various reasons, several people did not end up on Mari nara Belle. † If the disaster had not taken place, people would have forgotten this fact but it did took place occur, and the uneventful and routine lives of the residents of the town got excited by this. Thus, anything related to the accident becomes a topic of interest immediately, and exaggerating every event causes accidental decisions and insignificant choices to transform into supernatural events.Meanwhile, on the steamer, the group of the people begins to separate into smaller groups, women go to on one deck of the ship, boys and young men to another, Dry. Gallagher and Dean Drone form one group, Mr.. Smith and his associates form another group, and so on. If the society as a whole is not present to impose the overall sameness on its members, the separate inhabitants of Marinara do have efferent natures, interests, and groups, each composed of specific members from the original society. This fact counters the story's earlier statement that everyone in Marinara essential ly acts and possibly dresses in a manner almost identical to each other.Furthermore, the society composed from people on Marinara Belle has no sense of organization, due to their lack of interaction between people in the town. Everybody in Marinara Just goes with the flow without feeling the need to properly co-operate with the others and form any sort of a plan other than whatever the custom will dictate. Everybody will be doing the same thing as the majority of the residents of Marinara will opt to do. As a result, this creates complete, and utter deterioration of plans. Such as, the steamer was supposed set to depart at six-thirty but the time for the departure moves forward is postponed to seven o'clock but eventually departs ; later Marinara Belle departs at seven-thirty, an hour later than the original schedule.This absence of responsibility and organization of the people from the town foreshadows later in the story the actions of the townspeople when he steamer sinks, and cha nges the routine of their lives disrupts order in their lives. Contrastingly, the story hardly mentions at all the supposedly the actual goal of the excursion, the picnic itself. The people of the overall community of Marinara split themselves into various smaller subgroups such as â€Å"boys under thirteen and girls over nineteen†. Back in the mainland town the residents of Marinara may act as if they all are a unified society regarding age or gender, but here the author makes it obvious that is not so.People of Marinara physically do split themselves into smaller vigorous within the original residents of Marinara group, and but subconsciously they stick to their subgroups regardless of what they consciously believe. However, once ten passengers Trot Marlboro get Deck on tenet steamer Ana Deign to nana back to the mainland, they begin to blend back from â€Å"little clusters† into a single unified group, â€Å"blended into unison by the distance. † The actual e vent is not very that big or problematic; as the narrator hurries to explain the steamer is in reality stuck on a sandbank in shallow waters, a very commonplace event for Marinara and the neighboring towns.While most people would be more irritated than afraid, an unrecognized crowd of people on Marinara Belle begins to slowly panic because they were never mentally prepared or equipped for situations like this. Soon there is a widespread panic all over the steamer due to lack of organization and character traits such as common sense and personal bravery, twitch explains their absences of unique personalities. It is here that the lack of order in the peoples' life becomes crucial in the story's development; the passengers of the steamer do not know what to do, because they never expected to do something about it in the first lace solve the problem.Firstly Initially, they pretend to act as if nothing was wrong at all, â€Å"they were all running round looking for sandwiches and cracki ng Jokes and talking of making coffee over the remains of the engine fires. † As the realization that things are wrong Upon realization, they go for the lifeboat and they succeed in getting several boatloads of people back to the shore, even though the lifeboat appears to be â€Å"a frail, clumsy thing. † When the survivors re-unite with their foils in Marinara, their initial panic crowd the rest, and they get involved with the disaster going to rescue people in a leaking boat. As the routine of their lives seems to break down because of the boating accident, the society of Marinara begins to transform at last.This transformation changes the residents of the town into a panicked and unrecognized crowd which makes it worsens the situation. The narrator begins to weaken under the pressure and lack of social order into nothingness, because of the absence of a real inter town society; there is nothing to hold the people together. To make matters worse, as the people on Mari nara Belle encounter their fellow-citizens ashore, the panic spreads from the boat back to the town and they practically lose heir heads. They start rowing all over the lake, seeking safety on Marinara Belle, forgetting that they were initially safe and but came to rescue the people on the steamer bringing even more absurdity into the situation.

Human Resources: Global Mobility

Introduction, Background and Key Problems Identified In an increasingly international world, the need for the workforce to become more mobile, both physically and mentally, with the willingness to travel internationally as well as being prepared to converse and work in multinational environments has become paramount. The issue here is to consider the way in which the HR function can manage and have an impact on the need for global mobility within any organisation, but specifically in the case of VL as noted here. The main issue facing both this company and any other company looking to improve its international expansion and to ensure that those working within the company is that they are able to make the most of the opportunities presented. For example, in the case of VL, the number of employees has nearly doubled in the last five years, many of whom work internationally as a way of ensuring continued growth within the company, yet this level of expansion presents potential problems that need to be tackled by the HR team, if the expans ion is to be successful (Lawler, 2008). The issue of global mobility has already been noted by the management team as being important in VL, with the factors associated with training, including culture and the general ethos of the company. Importantly in VL, the central location of London and Europe remains the head office, with operations then happening globally and feeding into the European offices. The aim is to bring the other locations in line with the overall European ethos, rather than to have several distinct groups across the world (Gillis, 2012). The key issues which have been identified in this individual company include the need to recruit and retain the best staff in every location and to ensure that the training recognises the cultural differences, without allowing for divergent and distinct groups to emerge. This report will look at how the capabilities will be developed within the company and will consider the key strategic issues that need to be taken into account, before then going on to look, in more detail at the role which HR can play in improving the impact of global mobility. Recommendations for next steps for both the HR team and the overall management team will then be established to conclude the report. Developing Capabilities Within VL, it is identified that international activities will typically fall into two categories, namely the longer term 3 – 6 year projects and the shorter term 3 – 6 month projects that involve an individual travelling internationally to fulfil a short term agenda. The capabilities needed for these two different types of projects will be very different, and the capabilities needed by the individuals will also be different to meet with the company’s demands (Freedman 2009). Firstly, it is recognised here that certain personnel are simply more likely to be open minded to global mobility and are therefore more likely to benefit from the process. For example, there are going to be certain individuals within the group who would find international travel practically very difficult, including those with young children, but this should not necessarily remove them from the pool of possible people, but rather should identify the additional needs of these individuals. The first challenge is therefore to identify the technical skills that are needed to narrow down the pool of available people and then to be able to narrow it down from this pool, to identify the personnel who will be most open to the experience. By making the identification process as comprehensive as possible, it is much more likely that the project will be a success. Although there are multiple ways in which capabilities can be developed by the HR team, fundamentally, the individuals themselves n eed to be open to the process, if it is going to be as successful as possible (Friedman 2009). It is suggested here that the heart of the global mobility agenda is therefore the need to identify the most relevant group of people for the mobility programme, both from the point of view of technical expertise and the need to select those who are mentally and emotionally open to the notion of the global mobility and the desire to develop their own experiences. Clearly, there is a need to have processes followed, particularly where there is an organisation such as VL, operating across several different regions; however, it is contended here that the company will not be best advised to have a set of inflexible policies which may not always allow for the individual personalities to adapt to the changing situations. The development of the business capabilities is therefore to look at the people, process, technology and third parties involved and to ascertain the best way in which the HR services and resources available can be deployed for most effective use. Consider, for example, a demand for a specific type of technology; it then needs to be determined whether the infrastructure in the location chosen is able to facilitate the appropriate technology (Schwartz,2011). From this position, it is then necessary to consider if the skills of the chosen individuals can support this infrastructure and whether the processes allow for this type of deve lopment. All of these capabilities need to be developed as a network of ideas and not as one stand alone process that is clinical and inflexible (Becker et al 2009). Key Strategic Issues Some strategic issues have been identified by the HR team as relevant to the notion of becoming globally mobile, as is the case in VL. Firstly, the HR team, as with any other business strategy needs to look at how the HR agenda can align correctly with the overall business strategy. The role of HR is to ensure that the suitably trained individuals are available and willing in whatever location is necessary to deliver the underlying proposition of the company (Wickham & O’Donohue 2009). The key strategic issue with global mobility is therefore to ensure that there is improved value being offered by the company as a result of the global mobility. This actually starts with the management team, before getting close to identifying relevant individuals who will facilitate this process. The strategy needs to be driven from the top. Furthermore, there is a need to balance sensible and consistent processes, while also ensuring that there is sufficient flexibility to deal with local and national differences (Harttig, 2010). This requires the correct people to be present and to have the suitable decision making power at every level of the organisation. In the case of VL, for example, a more senior member of the team may be suitable for the new countries, or for the long term assignments. Crucially, these individuals will have greater experience and more confidence when it comes to making on the spot decisions that are in line with the underlying business strategy but which do not change the direction of the business, fundamentally (Barney, et al 2011). Shorter term assignments will be subject to much greater control, in any event, as the individuals involved in delivering this service will typically be sent with a short term and specific agenda, with little room for manoeuvre. In this case, therefore, a more junior member of staff, or a less adaptable individual who has the necessary technical expertise, but who may not be as adaptable to changing circumstances, may be more appropriate. The key strategic issues is therefore to determine the business level agenda and to then to ensure that the HR team works in such a way that facilitates and supports this agenda, rather than producing a set of processes that are unwavering, with little flexibility offered at a local level, to change processes, in order to take into account local needs. Role of HR When looking at the position within VL, it s clear to see that HR have several vitally important roles at every stage of the process. Therefore, in order to encourage suitable results alongside the business strategy from the outset and prior to any actual attempts to become globally mobile, a company such as VL will need to have a higher level management meeting, including the HR manager, to discuss what it is the company is hoping to achieve overall. This should not necessarily be looking at HR issues, but rather what it is the company is hoping to achieve as an end result. For example, it may be the case that the company is looking towards the international arena as a means of increasing market share; this may be more likely in an area where the product has reached saturation point in the home market. Once the overall agenda has been understood, it is then possible for the HR team to consider how they facilitate this. HR should be driven by the underlying aim of the company and not by the needs of the HR team itself. By identifying the skills needed, the role of HR is to identify the relevant individuals amongst the existing team and to engage in suitable training or potentially to recruit people into the team to fill in any gaps (Schuler and Tarique, 2007). Once the global mobility structure is underway, the HR team will have a continuous responsibility for the management of the team and for making sure that the actions of the staff who are in a foreign jurisdiction remain congruent with the overall business strategy This is critical as, by definition, when a global team is established, there is a lesser level of control being shown directly, with the individuals and the HR team needing to ensure that the support is in place for remote management which is flexible, yet strong enough to ensure that the overall business goal is not lost. The HR team will also have an important role at the practical end of global mobility strategy, particularly when it comes to short contracts where there are going to be issues of travel and accommodation which need to be managed. If this is done effectively, it can ensure that the staff members themselves are free to concentrate on the task at hand. The role of HR in this case is very much as a facilitator, both in practical and strategic terms and this should be maintained at all times (Lazarova & Caligiuri 2001). Suggestions and Next Steps Bearing this analysis sin mind and the current challenges facing VL, there are several next steps that the HR team need to take, in order to support and facilitate the business strategy aims of the company. Firstly, the HR team need to involve themselves with the management team, to understand what it is they are aiming to achieve by becoming global (Benson & Scroggins 2011). Once this is understood, the choice of personnel to undertake this global move can be made, both in terms of the senior strategic individuals such as regional managers, as well as the team members who will facilitate this process. Selecting the correct people is going to be the main and arguably the most important role for the HR team, as they will need to be able to achieve the business strategy, but will also need to be sufficiently personally engaged and want to be part of the global move. Once the individuals have been selected, the HR team then need to ensure that the practical issues such as infrastructure are put in place to enable these people to function effectively and to ensure that there is at least some consistency in processes across the company. When global mobility is focussed on processes, difficulties can arise; however, this is not to say that there is going to be no consistency. Ultimately, it is the role of the HR team to set the boundaries and to ensure sufficient consistency for efficiency, without undue constraints (Wright, & McMahan 2011). 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