Examining The Major Functions Of Online Banking Information Technology Essay

Examining The Major Functions Of Online Banking Information Technology Essay Online banking is the practice of making bank dealings via the Internet. It will give you an outstanding chance to bypass the time-consuming, paper-based aspects of usual banking in order to manage your finances more competently.   By switching to electronic bills, statements, and payments, the average American family can save 6.6 pounds of paper in one year! And you can grab any fake (scam) transactions faster than if you received a statement by snail post. Thanks to pioneering technology and the Internet in particular, we no longer have to leave the house to make payments. Online banking is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so you can do it anytime, anywhere.   Online banking allows us to do various services with the click of a mouse. You can: 1.      Pay a bill. Electronic bill payment service allows a depositor to transfer money from his or her online account  to a creditor or merchant, for example to a public utility or a outlet. There is no need to stand in a long queue on a weekend morning to handle your transactions! The payment  is practically instant, though some financial institutions can wait until the next business day to send out the payment. If it is necessary, the bank can publish and mail a paper cheque or bankers draft to a creditor who is not set up to receive electronic payments.    2.      Schedule payments in advance. Most banks recommend clients the ability to schedule a payment on a particular date. Once the amount is entered and the payee is checked off, the funds are automatically deducted from your online bank account.   It is mainly useful if you constantly forget due dates. For example, you can schedule credit card or mortgage payments to make sure that you will not incur late fees and damage your FICO score. 3.      Transfer funds. Do you want to transfer money rapidly and securely? With online banking, you can  make money  transfers between your own  accounts, or send money to a third party account as well. All you need is recipient/payee information and enough funds in your account. Quite often, the operations are performed in real time. 4.      Manage all your accounts in one place. Online banking is an enormous time saver because it provides a chance to handle a number of bank accounts (checking, savings, CDs, IRAs, etc.) from a single site. Most new accounts you open will be automatically added to OB (Online Banking). 5.      View images of your checks online. Do you need a copy of a paid check? With online banking, you can see and print scanned images of the front and back of all checks you have written. It is easy and convenient. 6.      Apply for a loan or credit card.   By using an account online, you can apply for a credit card or a loan (a car loan, a student loan, a mortgage, a home equity loan, etc.) from the same bank. If you have a good credit score and long relationship history with your bank, your application is likely to be accepted.    7.      Purchase and manage CD accounts. You can purchase a certificate of  deposit from your bank If you have money you want to invest,. Online banking lets you compare all available offers as well as the terms, for example APY or maturity periods. When you confirm the purchase, the funds will be automatically deducted from your account.   8.      Order travelers checks. You can order American Express Travelers Cheques online. The bank will typically charge your online account for the sum of the cheques you bought and an express delivery cost.   9.      Increase your overdraft. Log in to online banking and click on Overdraft in the menu You can increase your overdraft online. 10.      Order a cheque book. Save your time by ordering cheque book online. You will need to visit your bank once when you get a confirmation letter that your cheque book is ready for collection.   11.      View up-to-the-minute account statements and balance. There is no need to wait for the bank statement to get to your P.O.Box to check account balances. You can view all transactions and withdrawals every day just by logging in to your online account. Additionally, you can immediately report errors or unauthorized transactions in your statement.   12.      View automatically updated spending report. All of your purchases are sorted into common categories automatically no receipts to keep, no expenses to enter. It is straightforward to see where your money goes! 13.      Track your payment history. Online banking provides an opportunity to look for your payments by transaction type, date, description or amount. When did you last pay Company X? When did you buy your computer? To whom did you make your most recent payment? Your bank knows the answers.   14.      Integrate the data with personal  finance  programs. Online banking lets you bring in electronic payment data in personal finance software such as Quicken or Microsoft Money. You will be able to enter into your online accounts directly from your personal finance program. An Internet connection and online account log in information is all that needed. 15.      Change contact details.   Have you moved to a new house? Changed your telephone number? You can log in to your online account and change contact information (e-mail address, telephone number, password, etc.). It is more secure than to send this information by e-mail.   16.      Utilize investment research.   You can receive real-time quotes, analytics, news and stock market information to make a more relevant and profitable decision. 17.      Take advantage of online brokerage. Internet banking lets you invest online. You can place and confirm  trades 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Most banks offer a wide range of money market instruments from various issuers. 18.      Get alerts. This service lets you to get timely e-mail messages from your bank about any critical changes related to your Internet accounts. For instance, you can get alerts when you make a withdrawal or change your contact information.   19.      Verify terms and conditions. You can verify all information about your account online whenever you forget your interest rates or payment due date. 20.      Chat with your customer assistant department. If you need help, you can send message to your banks customer assistant department. They will be in touch with you and try their best to help you solve your problem.   Now that I described various functions of Online banking it is the time to discuss Citibank functions and how they do them and what is the purpose of doing such functions. Here is the Citigroup Mission Statement: Citigroup Inc. (Citi) recognizes that foreclosures affect the individual, the family and the community. We also understand that early intervention and a full understanding of the available options are important for mitigating or minimizing the impact of foreclosures. Citis Office of Homeownership Preservation (OHP) is dedicated to finding solutions that preserve homeownership and help mitigate the challenges faced by borrowers. We work directly with borrowers at risk of losing their homes. We also work with any and all stakeholders who advocate on behalf of borrowers, including non-profit organizations, elected officials, government agencies, regulators and others. Our strong partnerships with these stakeholders help us to develop and implement homeownership preservation solutions and enable us to magnify our outreach and assistance to borrowers. For example, OHPs hotline for housing counselors greatly enhances their ability to work with us on behalf of our borrowers. And our borrower and counselor outreach programs, which we conduct in collaboration with partners in numerous locations around the U.S., bring help directly to at-risk communities. First I will explain the definition of e-banking. e-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. E-banking includes the systems that enable  financial institution  customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the Internet. Customers access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), automated teller machine (ATM), kiosk, or Touch Tone telephone. While the risks and controls are similar for the various e-banking access channels, this booklet focuses specifically on Internet-based services due to the Internets widely accessible public network. Accordingly, this booklet begins with a discussion of the two primary types of Internet websites : informational and transactional. Citibank offers vast amount of electronic banking products and services which enables customers fast and secure access to banking through Citibanks portfolio of bank. CitiDirect Online Banking business bankings new direction and is defined as a powerful new way to bank that puts customers banking functions all in one place at your fingertips and within reach of your entire organization.   For small companies, it means accessing global capabilities from your desktop and for multinationals its about getting a handle on your world. CitiDirect is the cornerstone of Citibanks vision of the future of banking. CitiDirect lets you access your accounts-real-time -and an ever-expanding portfolio of industry-leading products and services through the Web, so you can be more efficient, more flexible and more in control of your banking. Customers can access their information on bank balances, initiate both local and foreign currency payments and would shortly be able to initiate trade transactions and customer service requests. Benefits: Banking that changes as you change Customer Banking Services Leading Edge Security Online Support Fast, Efficient and Easy to Use Easy Access, Total Control Citibank Paylink is Citibanks premier payment product, enabling an absolute outsourcing of the payment route to Citibank for efficiency, time and cost savings to our customers. Citibank Paylink needs data creation, approval at customers offices and diffusion via on-line modem to Citibank where payment is authenticated and securely practiced either as cheques or Electronic Funds Transfers to receiver at Citibank or other banks. Citibank Paylink can also be edged with accounting systems to be given payment data prior to transmission on-line to Citibank. SAP R/3, JD Edwards, SUN and most major accounting systems have been successfully interfaced with Citibank Paylink. Citibank Paylink also incorporates a perform at library, which can be used for regular payment instructions of dealers, and beneficiaries. Citibank Paylink suggests a fast, suitable, consistent and secure way to effect payments, including: Foreign Currency/ Money Market Deal initiation Mass Payments Processing for Dividends, etc Accounts Payable Process Management Regional Payments Services Electronic Payroll Processing Customs and Duty Payments Benefits of Citibank Paylink: Security and control. Facilitates straight through processing Enhanced reconciliation Convenient, Flexible and adaptable system Elimination of check order, printing and signing process Time and cost savings Citibanking Online deals with cash management which is an progressively more important factor in overall business performance. Information on your bank accounts must be exact, up-to-date and instantly reachable. Citibanking Online is Citibanks Windows based electronic banking display place providing integrated access to account information. This system allows you to see, in a matter of seconds, the very latest of information on accounts you hold worldwide via a computer terminal in your office. Citibanking Online s competence and power provide a clear competitive edge wherever whenever you do business. Benefits:   Historical Data Simple Access and User Friendly Software Comprehensive Data Provides Instant Information Real-time Online Information Citibanking is considered as a product that offers admission to all Citibank branches around the globe. You can easily and from your own office, you can get connected to Citibanks network in a few seconds. You can also view the very latest information on accounts held globally. You can also transmit or transfer instructions to any Citibank location or branch in the world. Citibanking performs in either a single workstation or multi-user surroundings providing features and attributes adapted to meet your specific needs. Benefits: Security. Rapid, cost effective communications. Reliable, accurate records. Enhanced productivity. Citibanking is well-matched to financial institutions and global corporations; It is also well suited to trade transactions and works well with cash management.

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Similarities and Differences between Inferno and The Odyssey When reading the stories The Odyssey by Homer and Inferno by Dante Alighieri, it is obvious how diverse these two stories are. In The Odyssey, Ulysses is trying to reach his home, which he has not seen for twenty years. The theme for The Odyssey is one man, Ulysses’, need to go home. The Inferno theme shows the character Dante struggling with good and evil. The character, Dante, explores in depth the Christian idea of hell. It is through his experience in hell that he casts his faithfulness to God and good. When reading these two stories, many differences between them are plain when comparing characteristics, conventions, and the different religious experiences of the periods in which these stories were written. Characteristics in Homer’s, The Odyssey include a hero, Ulysses, heroic courage, a vast setting, and weird forces. In The Odyssey, the main character Ulysses is a war hero trying to travel home. He faces unbelievable trials during his return which include being cast on an island, battling Neptune and the seas, fighting suitors, and regaining his home from the suitors. The setting for his story involves his trip from the island and over the seas until he reaches his home country. Ulysses also goes into hell where he visits the ghosts, or shades, for guidance. During Ulysses’ journey, he is both helped and tested by weird powers of different gods and goddesses. In Dante’s Inferno, the hero of the story is Dante. Dante is a man who was banished from his home because of his beliefs and therefore, fights with the choice between good and evil. Dante’s bravery comes in the form of humanity; he faces the challenges that all mankind struggle with. He travels ... ...o, Dante being led by Virgil, a man whose work Dante admires. Dante wishes to learn from the sinners in hell, and to absorb much information from Virgil, while in hell. Virgil shows and explains to Dante about the sinners and the resurrection. Dante wrote, â€Å"remember now your science, /which says that when a thing has more perfection, /so much greater is its pain or pleasure† (Alighieri, 1992, Canto VI 6.106-6.108). Although Homer’s The Odyssey and Dante’s Inferno are very opposite in nature, both stories can be pleasant for an audience in today’s world. The Odyssey is a story about struggling against gods and showing courage through a hero’s actions. The story is written with fantastic verses that attract audiences, even in today’s world. Inferno was written with amazing vision into mankind’s fight among good and evil. That fight goes on even in today’s world.

A Report On Integrated Active Steering Engineering Essay

An incorporate vehicle kineticss control system which aims to better vehicle handling and stableness by organizing active forepart guidance ( AFS ) and dynamic stableness control ( DSC ) subsystems is developed in this paper. The DSC subsystem includes driveline- based, brake-based, and driveline plus brake-based DSC subsystems. The ini ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of changing frontward velocity and sidelong acceleration on the sidelong vehicle kineticss is investigated foremost. The AFS accountant, which is used to better vehicle tip ability in the low to mid-range sidelong acceleration, and the DSC accountant, which manages to keep vehicle stableness during utmost driving state of affairss, are so designed by utilizing the skiding manner control ( SMC ) technique and stage plane method severally. Based on the two independently developed accountants, a rule-based integrating system is proposed to optimise the overall vehicle public presentation by minimising interactions between the two subsyste ms and widening functionalities of Individual subsystems. Computer simulation consequences in the effectivity of the proposed control system and overall betterments in vehicle handling and stableness. Yaw and turn over kineticss of vehicles can be controlled expeditiously by single wheel braking or by active guidance. Both attacks are compared on the footing of physical and application considerations. Two vehicle kineticss control constructs based on active guidance are summarized. One of them focuses on the decrease of swerve perturbations on the vehicle by robust one-sided decoupling of swerve and sidelong manner. The other attack purposes at rollover turning away of route vehicles. There, in uninterrupted operation, active maneuvering improves the axial rotation kineticss. In instance of exigency an efficient scheme applies coincident maneuvering and braking control. The response of the controlled vehicle is similar to the response of the conventional vehicle for nominal drive, b ut the guidance assistance system reduces the consequence of assorted factors for improved stableness. Keywords: Vehicle managing and stableness, active forepart guidance, dynamic stableness control, integrated vehicle kineticss control. 3. Introduction Active Steering is a maneuvering assistance system integrated in autos. An active guidance system is a complementary system for a front-steered vehicle that adds or subtracts a constituent to the maneuvering signal performed by the driver.We are get downing to see different trade names with different solutions on the market. The thought is to better safety and comfort by improved stableness and handling. Although the ordinances demand a mechanical connexion between the maneuvering wheel and the guidance rack, actuators are used to act upon the mechanical system. The undermentioned subdivision will depict different maneuvering system And some of the proficient solutions of the maneuvering systems used today. Solutions used by BMW and General Motors will be considered. Articles on Active Steering have been studied. The study focal point has been on the automatic control country and on the steer-by-wire development. Active guidance is the thought of an incorporate maneuvering support sy stem for autos. The system has to act like the maneuvering on conventional autos but with extra functionality such as perturbation rejection due to, for illustration, I -split ( disconnected adhesion coefficient between wheels ) , wind blasts or decreased route adhesion conditions. Several bing systems are conceptual and non intended for the market, but for illustration BMW has a semi-mechanical system installed on the autos. The systems explained are different illustrations on how to alter the conventional guidance of a auto. The maneuvering signal from the driver is an angular motion on the guidance wheel. The ensuing maneuvering angle is therefore composed by the constituent performed by the driver and the constituent contributed by the guidance system. It sounds great – and it feels even better, say those who have driven vehicles equipped with Active Steering Systems. These systems offer drivers many new characteristics and sweetenings, including parking aid, lane-keeping aid, stableness aid, and much more. Active maneuvering takes advantage of torque sheathing engineering. In such a system, a variable sum of torsion is added or subtracted to or from the maneuvering system, independent of driver input. The exact sum is determined based on analysis of inputs from multiple vehicle systems supervising assorted route and other external conditions. The important benefit of torsion sheathing engineering is that it ever keeps the driver informed of system action runing from the elusive jogs of route maintaining to the automated guidance wheel gesture of park aid. What increases driver assurance even further is that you can keep on to the maneuvering wheel at anytime and seamlessly override the system operation or take over control, as conditions warrant? The consequence is a pleasant drive experience with reduced driver work load and safer vehicle control. The enhanced vehicle and system public presentation achieved with torque sheathing can assist bring forth increased client satisfaction. When used in combination with a series of detectors like vehicle velocity detectors, driver province detectors, and cameras, Active Steering Systems with torque sheathing enable many possible capablenesss, including: Handling and â€Å" maneuvering feel † sweetenings such as active return, active damping, and improved on-center feel Disturbance direction, such as pull/drift compensation and cut downing the effects of air current blasts Driver aid, including guided and even independent parking Active safety, including yaw stableness aid, compensation when braking on uneven surfaces, and lane maintaining assist/departure warning For vehicles equipped with electric power guidance, torque sheathing control is applied through package programming within bing hardware. Hydraulic power maneuvering systems can besides be equipped with torque sheathing utilizing Magnasteer variable attempt maneuvering system engineering. Both electric and hydraulic torsion overlay solutions can be achieved in a cost-efficient bundle. Besides supplying variable maneuvering ratios, the computing machine is linked with the vehicle stableness control system to assistance in directional stableness of the vehicle. As the vehicle is going down the main road, route surfaces and air current blasts can impact the vehicle directional stableness. The auto may roll a small or flit to one side, as many who have met a tractor-trailer unit on a blowy twenty-four hours have experienced. Detectors on the auto detect this sudden unwilled motion and the computing machine will stabilise the auto by traveling the Active Steering electric motor and maneuvering cogwheel. The driver does n't turn the maneuvering wheel at all! If the driver experiences a skid or slide because of hapless route conditions, the Active Steering will respond to information from the swerve rate detectors to modify the maneuvering angle of the forepart wheels to stabilise the vehicle. This occurs much faster than the driver can respond. If the Active Steering angle is non plenty, so the Stability Control system intervenes to assist every bit good. CURRENT STEERING SYSTEMS Primary map of the guidance system is to accomplish angular gesture of the forepart wheels to negociate a bend. This is done through linkages and maneuvering cogwheel which convert the rotary gesture of the maneuvering wheel in to angular gesture of the forepart route wheels. Current maneuvering systems can be classified in to two viz. , mechanical maneuvering systems and hydraulic power maneuvering system.MECHANICAL STEERING SYSTEM andHYDRAULIC POWER STEERING SYSTEMMECHANICAL STEERING SYSTEMS:Conventional maneuvering systems are based on the mechanical guidance of which two discrepancies are in usage. The constituents of a rack-and-pinion guidance and ball-and-nut guidance, which is used for higher guidance forces, are strictly mechanical: Steering wheel, maneuvering column, maneuvering pinion, rack, ball-and-nut cogwheel, tie rod. Extra constituents are assorted cosmopolitan articulations and bearings. The assorted maneuvering systems that are normally used are worm and all wheel maneuvering, Cam and dual roller guidance, worm and nut guidance, recirculating ball type guidance and rack and pinion guidance. Among these types most normally used are rack and pinion guidance and recirculating maneuvering systems. Cam and dual roller maneuvering are normally used in Ashok Leyland vehicles ( maneuvering gear ratio used=24.7:1 ) . Recirculating ball type guidance are used by Tata, Dodge/Fargo, Standard 20 vehicles. Maruti 800 autos employ rack and pinion guidance. The of import types of mechanical maneuvering systems are discussed belowRACK AND PINION STEERING: –Rack and pinion guidance is rapidly going the most common type of maneuvering on autos, little trucks and SUVs. It is really a pretty simple mechanism. A rack and pinion cogwheel set is enclosed in a metal tubing, with each terminal of the rack protruding from the tubing. A rod, called a tie rod is connected to each termina l of the rack. The pinion cogwheel is attached to the guidance shaft. When we turn the guidance wheel, the cogwheel spins, traveling the rack. The tie rod at each terminal of the rack connects to the maneuvering arm on the spindle. The rack and pinion gear set does two things: It converts the rotational gesture of the maneuvering wheel into the additive gesture needed to turn the wheels. It provides a gear decrease, doing it easier to turn the wheels Some autos have variable ratio guidance, which uses a rack and pinion cogwheel set that has a different tooth pitch ( figure of dentitions per inch ) in the Centre than it has on the exterior. This makes the auto respond rapidly when get downing a bend and besides reduces attempt near the wheel ‘s turning bound.Pitman arm typesPitman arm mechanisms have a maneuvering ‘box ‘ where the shaft from the maneuvering wheel comes in and a lever arm comes out – the pitman arm. This pitman arm is linked to the path rod or Centre nexus, which is supported by loafer weaponries. The tie rods connect to the path rod. The pitman arm is connected straight to the path rod, to intensify linkages where it is connected to one terminal of the guidance system or the path rod via other rods. Most of the maneuvering box mechanisms that drive the Pitman arm have a ‘dead topographic point ‘ in the Centre of the guidance where you can turn the maneuvering wheel a little sum before the forepart wheels start to turn. The terminal of the shaft from the maneuvering wheel has a worm cogwheel attached to maneuvering box. It meshes straight with a sector cogwheel ( so called because it ‘s a subdivision of a full cogwheel wheel ) . When the guidance wheel is turned, the shaft turns the worm cogwheel, and the sector gear pivots around its axis as its dentitions are moved along the worm cogwheel. The sector cogwheel is mounted on the cross shaft which passes through the guidance box and out the underside where it is splined, and the Pitman arm is attached to the splines. When the sector cogwheel turns, it turns the cross shaft, which turns the Pitman arm, giving the end product gesture that is fed into the mechanical linkage on the path rod. The undermentioned diagram shows the active constituents that are present inside the maneuvering box. The box itself is sealed and filled with lubricating oil. The following are the four basic types of maneuvering box used in pitman arm systems.Worm and sector:Worm and nut or recirculating ball:As the maneuvering wheel is turned, the worm thrust bends and forces the ball bearings to press against the channel inside the nut. This forces the nut to travel along the worm thrust. The nut itself has a twosome of gear teeth dramatis personae into the exterior of it and these mesh with the dentitions on a sector cogwheel which is attached to the cross shaft merely like in the worm and sector mechanism. This system has much less free drama or slack in it than the other designs, therefore why it ‘s used the most.Worm and rollerTypically in these designs, the worm cogwheel is really an hourglass form so that it is wider at the terminals. Without the hourglass form, the roller might withd raw from it at the extents of its travel.Cam and leverCam and lever maneuvering boxes are really similar to writhe and sector guidance boxes. The worm thrust is known as a Cam and has a much shallower pitch and two he-mans that sit in the Cam channels. As the worm cogwheel is turned, the studs slide along the Cam channels which forces the cross shaft to revolve, turning the Pitman arm.HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING SYSTEM: –The hydraulic power maneuvering system today is the most used guidance system. It is based on the constituents of the mechanical guidance system, in add-on there is a hydraulic system, normally dwelling of hydro pump with V-belt thrust, hydraulic lines, oil reservoir and maneuvering valve. The indispensable new map of this power guidance is the hydraulic support of the maneuvering motion, so that the driver ‘s steering-wheel attempt is reduced. Therefore in the event of failure, the loss of maneuvering encouragement arises as a new safety facet in comparin g to strictly manual guidance. This can be caused by a escape of the hydraulic system or by a hydro pump failure. There are a twosome of cardinal constituents in power guidance in add-on to the rack-and-pinion or recirculating-ball mechanism. Pump, rotary valve, block and v-belt are some among such constituents. The pump normally used is a rotary vane pump due to its first-class volumetric efficiency, high force per unit area capableness, reduced noise emanation, low power ingestion, long life, light weight and cost efficiency.5. Working OF ACTIVE Guidance5.1 ACTIVE FRONT STEER: –The construct of Active Front Steering is based around a planetal cogwheel set, such as found in most automatic transmittals. A planetal cogwheel set is made up of three chief constituents: the Sun cogwheel in the centre, a set of planet cogwheels ( several cogwheels in a unit that rotate around the Sun cogwheel, and a ring cogwheel around the exterior that has internal dentitions engaging with the planet cogwheels. Any one of the three constituents can be the thrust input and any can be the end product, every bi t long as one or more of the constituents is held. This provides a assortment of gear ratios in forward and contrary. In the active guidance system, a little planetal cogwheel set is located between the maneuvering wheel and the conventional guidance rack as shown in Fig. BMW calls this unit a superimposing cogwheel. In the Active Steering system, the Sun cogwheel and planet cogwheels are the input and end product. The ring cogwheel that besides is input is controlled by an electric motor steered by a computer-controlled electric motor meshed to the exterior of the ring cogwheel. If the ring cogwheel is held stationary by the electric motor, the gear ratio of the cogwheel set is fixed. However, the computing machine can run the electric motor to turn the ring cogwheel at the same clip the driver turns the guidance wheel, supplying a variable guidance ratio. The consequence of the system operation is astonishing. In a parking state of affairs, the computing machine varies the ratio so that the maneuvering wheel demands less than two bends to travel the wheels lock to lock. As vehicle velocities addition, the maneuvering ratio additions, so it takes more bends of the maneuvering wheel to travel the wheels and additions vehicle stableness. In some state of affairss the ring cogwheel increases the re sponse of the maneuvering wheel, in other state of affairss the response decreases. The system that BMW uses has a velocity dependant variable maneuvering ratio and besides the ability to set for perturbations during driver reaction clip. This is achieved with a planetal cogwheel with two inputs and one end product and a fast transmittal of information ( 100 Hz ) from different detectors. The planetal cogwheel is able to add or deduct a signal from the response of the maneuvering wheel that controls the Sur wheel angle. At low velocity the planetal cogwheel adds a part to the maneuvering angle, which makes the maneuvering wheel lock-to-lock places less than two unit of ammunitions on the guidance wheel. This is advantageous in parking state of affairss and other slow traveling state of affairss since the driver can keep the clasp on the guidance wheel. At high velocity the planetal cogwheel subtracts a part to the maneuvering angle and between the maneuvering wheel lock-to-lock places it is about four unit of ammunitions. This increases the safety for evasive manoeuvres on the guidance wheel and it provides an increased preciseness at main road drive.Active REAR STEER: –BMW is besides researching the usage of rear-wheel guidance, a engineering subjugated to some grade by the Japanese in the eightiess. However, the usage of ‘active ‘ engineerings adds potentially much more effectivity to the systems. The system is a low angle rear wheel maneuvering system, which is specifically designed to offer European vehicle makers an advanced, low-cost solution for dynamic handling sweetening and active safety direction on rider vehicles. Active Rear Steering can function as a primary mechanism for raising the vehicle ‘s managing public presentation by utilizing it ‘s extremely tune able package. For case, if the coveted vehicle character is for a drum sander drive via a softer suspension, Active Rear Steering can be used to assist recover the coveted handling utilizing an algorithm that dynamically adjusts the rear wheel angle harmonizing to a vehicle behaviour theoretical account. The consequence is optimized managing public presentation and drive comfort. A † Active Rear Steering separates the swerve and sidelong kineticss of the vehicle, † explained by Dr. Jean Botti, main engineer, Innovation Center, BMW Dynamics & A ; Propulsion Center. â€Å" This gives human body design and tuning experts a new grade of freedom to command vehicle gesture. When combined with the latest in advanced algorithms, Active Rear Steering allows their clients to accomplish superior managing public presentation while besides increasing dynamic safety through active rear guidance. † BMW ‘s Active Rear Steering helps minimise over tip and under tip at all velocities, and on virtually all surfaces, even during normal drive, without decelerating the vehicle. Emergency lane alterations, or elk trial manoeuvres, go more predictable, more manageable and less nerve-racking when rear guidance is added to the equation. Active Rear Guidance can be integrated with controlled braking to supply a more effectual vehicle system solution to stableness control than brakes entirely. Together these systems help deliver instantaneous rear maneuvering control to convey a vehicle back on its intended class and combine braking as needed. This attack minimizes any deceleration of the vehicle doing the rectification less intrusive to the driver. In add-on, by leting maneuvering to keep directional control and braking to decelerate the vehicle, this combination can assist cut down vehicle-stopping distances on split and assorted frictional coefficient surfaces, such as snow and ice , in a stable, controlled mode. â€Å" Active Rear Steering balances and expands the impact of brake-based stableness control systems on vehicle kineticss by bettering handling and swerve stableness conveying maneuvering into the equation allows their clients to present the ultimate in active safety combined with a comfy drive and superior handling. †6. SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONThe system described in Figure is a control system. The input signal to the system ud is the maneuvering angle set by the driver. In ordinary vehicles there is a changeless ratio between the maneuvering wheel angle and the Sur angle. Thus ud is equal to I?d /R where R is the characteristic guidance cogwheel ratio and I?d is the maneuvering wheel angle. This is peculiarly of import during high velocity and/or low route adhesion. The entire guidance angle, expressed in Figure6.1 by u, is compound by the signal from the driver and an extra guidance angle I?c from the control system: The accountant has a provender frontward K1 and a feedback K2. Then it is possible to compose the look for I?c as: Merely the swerve rate is used for the feedback so the control system is theoretically possible to implement in an electrically steered vehicle. Equipment for mensurating the velocity, the swerve rate and the maneuvering wheel angle is needed and of class an actuator and its mechanical device for lending the extra guidance angle. The 2nd input to the vehicle is the side wind force with a predefined action point, which is assumed to move 0.4 metres in forepart of the Centre of gravitation on the right side of the auto. This influence can be modelled in assorted ways. Figure 6.1: A description of the complete system . Design The vehicle theoretical account is derived from the equations of gesture of a forepart steered 4-wheel vehicle. Figure 7.1 shows the parametric quantities involved and their definition. The positive x-axis starts at the Centre of gravitation and points in the forward way of the vehicle. This way is besides referred to as the longitudinal way. The y-axis corresponds to the sidelong way and starts from the Centre line. As shown in Figure 7.1. The Centre of gravitation ( CoG ) is located on the centre line but closer to the forepart axle than to the rear axle. At a short distance ( Lw ) from the Centre of gravitation. Which is an action point of a perturbation air current force defined ; its way is parallel to the sidelong way. Since sidelong control is concerned in this hypothesis gestures such as axial rotation, bounciness and pitch are neglected ( see the glossary for definitions ) . The forepart wheel brace is assumed to hold the same guidance angle. Fig 7.1: Definitions of forepart steered vehicleNON-CONTROLLED ACTIVE Guidance: –Single Track Model Since the concluding theoretical account will be a additive single-track theoretical account a few estimates and simplifications will be made. For simpleness the sidelong forces of each wheel brace are added into one force ; Fxf for the forepart axle and for the rear axle Fxr. The same is done for the longitudinal forces Fyf and Fyr. For the torsion in the system the ensuing forces iˆÂ §Ff and iˆÂ §Fx are needed. Notice that iˆÂ §Fx is about 0. The equations specifying the forces are Writing the translational and the rotational equations of gesture outputs a non-linear system. The co-ordinate system of the equations is the vehicle co-ordinate system i.e. the vehicle frame. A transmutation of the co-ordinate system has to be made to be able to follow the vehicle path in the route frame ( the inertial co-ordinate system ) . Since the first row describes the gesture in longitudinal way it will be ignored because merely the sidelong stableness is of involvement in this instance. By utilizing the estimate for little angles, ( cos ( x ) , wickedness ( x ) ) a†°? ( 1, ten ) , and reshaping the look, the equation of gesture can about be written as Non Linear Model The non-linear theoretical account is developed with the sidelong and rotational portion together with the non-linear look of the sidelong forces. The expression of the Sur faux pas angles below is the input. The theoretical account is built up in Simulink. Equation: Non additive Sur faux pass angles Fig 14: Yaw rate for additive and non additive theoretical account for two instancesCONTROLLED ACTIVE Guidance: –The control system is composed of a feedback and a provender frontward portion. The method used for calculating the accountant is Ha?z optimisation. First the feedback portion is developed to guarantee robust stableness and to reject measure perturbations on the swerve rate. Then the provender forward portion makes the system fast plenty and ensures the same steady province value as the conventional auto. By mentioning to Figure 6.1 it is clear that the transportation map of the vehicle is a 2Ãâ€"2-transfer matrix G, two inputs and two end products. The transportation map from the maneuvering angle to the swerve rate is called G22, and it is a proper and stable transportation map. The inquiry of stableness and hardiness of the system has been explained through simulations. Different simulations are done for the system to be able to make up one's mind whether stableness truly is improved or non by the control system. And to make up one's mind if the active guidance system has a suited response for existent drive bids. Due to the hold of the active guidance response a hazard for driver induced oscillations exist. Since drive is composed of an eternity of more or less different driver events and conditions it is necessary to restrict the country of involvement for the simulations. Two different conditions will be considered here, at-the-limit drive and nominal drive. Changing the two variables A µ ( route adhesion ) and V ( velocity ) attains these two conditions. The definitions of the drive conditions are arbitrary and in no manner normalized. All the simulations use the non-linear vehicle theoretical account for both the controlled and the conventional system. The maneuvering angle, which is the maneuvering bid of the vehicle, is the angle of the forepart wheels. The maneuvering angle is related to the maneuvering wheel angle by a multiplicative factor, the maneuvering gear ratio. The maneuvering angle will be illustrated for all the simulations. A positive signal is a gesture on the maneuvering wheel to the left, counter clockwise. For the conventional vehicle the maneuvering angle is the bid performed by the driver. For the controlled vehicle the maneuvering angle is an add-on of the bid performed by the driver and the signal from the control system. If the illustrated guidance angle is multiplied by the maneuvering cogwheel ratio 21 the angular motion of the maneuvering wheel is received. Nominal drive is the term used for driving at V = 20 m/s and A µ= 1. At-the-limit drive is decided as the two instances: V = 40 m/s and A µ = 1. V = 20 m/s and A µ = 0.3. The different instances, nominal and at-the-limit drive, are summarized by the undermentioned figure Figure 15: Friction-velocity diagram Following simulations have been performed: Wind blast perturbations have been investigated presuming two instances, with driver action and without driver action iˆ A terrible dual lane alteration has been simulated with the maneuvering angle input from existent driving experiments. Different speed and route clash parametric quantities will be considered. Wind force perturbation and variable alterations. All the figures incorporating responses of the controlled and the uncontrolled system has the controlled response depicted with a solid line and the conventional with a flecked line. 7. Undertaking GOALS Steering has come a long manner from the yearss of the Equus caballus and roadster. Active Front Steering ( AFS ) system will enable vehicle makers to better vehicle stableness control and to plan the desired variable maneuvering ratio while virtually extinguishing tradeoffs to establish maneuvering public presentation such as noise, cilium, return ability, and on-centre feel. In add-on, the Active tip system is designed for efficient interaction with conventional hydraulic guidance and can be installed with no addition in hydraulic system or constituent size, ensuing in efficiencies comparable to traditional hydraulic guidance. BMW has demonstrated its active forepart maneuvering system capablenesss and received really positive comments from several vehicle makers and it ‘s design addresses many of the vehicle makers ‘ concerns and as a consequence provides a transparent, smooth system with virtually no via media or tradeoffs to establish maneuvering public presentation. † AFS helps supply drivers with simplified metropolis drive and parking by cut downing the turning required at low velocities so that a hand-over-hand parking manoeuvre can be accomplished in every bit small as two tierces of a bend of the maneuvering wheel. AFS smoothly passages from a low-speed guidance ratio to a high-velocity guidance ratio, supplying a tighter, sportier feel for driving enjoyment and better control on the main road. AFS accomplishes this by modifying the guidance kinematics, or gesture, of the vehicle in a mode similar to steer-by-wire. The system electronically influences the maneuvering angle on the wheels enabling it to be greater or less than the driver ‘s maneuvering wheel angle input. Hence, turning into a parking topographic point or even steering a hairpin bend at moderate velocities can be accomplished with significantly fewer bends of the maneuvering wheel. In kernel, the system electronically turns the route wheels at a rate different than the rate the driver turns the guidance wheel. Although some may believe this could be upseting or commanding, those that have experienced Delphi AFS recognize it aids make driving really easy and gratifying with a really natural, crystalline feel. Unlike steer-by-wire, AFS maintains the mechanical nexus and uses the bing electrical architecture. This mechanical nexus helps guarantee system safety. If the system is switched off or unwittingly loses power, AFS applied scientists incorporated a smooth default to the base maneuvering ratio without upseting or dismaying the driver. AFS is the newest engineering in line of Advanced Vehicle Dynamics, which utilizes built-in control engineering to assist better safety and better vehicle public presentation, drive and control. AFS can be integrated to supply a seamless connexion between maneuvering, braking and suspension subsystems. Active Front Steering can be integrated with controlled braking to supply a more effectual vehicle system solution to stableness control than brakes entirely. AFS outright delivers maneuvering control ; counter maneuvering the vehicle to convey it back on its intended class and blending in braking, if needed. This is accomplished through finely tuned electronic controls that are virtually crystalline to the driver. In add-on, this integrating can assist minimise vehicle-stopping distances on split and assorted coefficient surfaces while keeping directional stableness 8. Users8.1 Benefits: –Dynamic control algorithms allow vehicle makers to dial in coveted handling features. Helps equilibrate drive and managing public presentation with improved vehicle kineticss or active safety Helps minimise over and under maneuvering at all velocities on all surfaces without decelerating the vehicle. When integrated with control braking active tip can supply a more effectual stableness sweetenings option than brakes entirely Maintains traditional forepart wheel maneuvering benefits Can be configured with alone algorithms for improved handling and safety. Reduces vehicle turn circle for added way during the metropolis drive and parking. Low-cost, light-weight and modular actuator can be used with assortment of suspension constellations.Future SCOPES: –With more than a century of maneuvering heritage, BMW Steering is unambiguously positioned to present wheel-to-wheel guidance system expertness. A full-service provider, BMW Steering provides advanced systems designed for security, comfort, and flexibleness to vehicle makers worldwide. Delphi Steering offers full system integrating and has one of the most extended guidance merchandise ranges in the industry. Since developing the first hydraulic power maneuvering system in the 1950s, Delphi Steering has been at the head of power guidance development. Now, electric power maneuvering from Delphi Steering delivers the high public presentation of traditional hydraulic power guidance, with important added value and fuel economic system betterments. Delphi Steering has produced more than 6 million electric power aid maneuvering systems since 1999. â€Å" Our Active Steering Systems are advanced extensions to our bing maneuvering merchandise lines that enhance driver experience and supply increased value to our clients. Delphi Steering is unambiguously positioned to offer these characteristics on both electric and hydraulic systems † said David Aden, Steering Systems merchandise line director. Advanced characteristic integrating is an of import patterned advance in our ongoing attempt to supply complete maneuvering solutions to clients worldwide — these are exciting systems that address a broad assortment of driver demands. BMW ‘s active guidance construct has been introduced in it ‘s 530- cars.BMW 6 and BMW 7 series are besides equipped with AFS, DSC and DTC constructs. Some companies such as GENERAL MOTORS, TOYOTA have launched their autos with incorporate active guidance and active braking systems. The future work could be to implement the active guidance system in an experimental auto. Most suited would be a auto with steer-by-wire. Execution in a auto is the lone true manner to analyze the perceptual experience of the feeling of the driver. An execution in a existent auto demands alterations in the system so that for illustration velocity fluctuations are considered. Since the transportation map of the vehicle is dependent of the speed9. CONCLUSIONSActive guidance is an efficient agencies to act upon a vehicle ‘s swerve and axial rotation kineticss. A comparing with vehicle kineticss control systems which make usage of single wheel braking reveals the cardinal advantages and drawb acks of both attacks. Individual wheel braking is implementable with less hardware attempt since the actuators and wheel velocity detectors are avail-able by anti-lock brakes. However, active guidance is more efficient with respect to cardinal mechanical considerations. Therefore, the physical bounds in footings of maximum force between tyre and route can be farther subjugated to supply extra safety borders. In this paper two active maneuvering constructs have been summarized, which are suited to better the swerve perturbation fading and to cut down rollover hazard severally. The possible being built-in in active guidance will be easy useable one time steer-by-wire is established. But one does non hold to wait until the present hurdlings in both the legal and technological sense are overcome. There are already proficient solutions which provide the possibility to put an subsidiary guidance angle to boot to the one straight transmitted by the maneuvering wheel. At the present phase o f engineering, active guidance suggests itself as stand-alone or as a powerful complement to show single wheel braking systems10. Referencewww.sae.org/automag/techbriefs/01-2001/techb2.htm www.seminar topics.com/techies/abs/act.htm www.californiadriver.com/delphi/news/active guidance www.bmw-sauber.com www..toyota.com www.delphi.com/asm/articles.htm www.over-drivemagazine.com/steer-active/articles/act.htm www.cds-caltech.edu/

Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1102 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Ever since the digital age began intellectual property rights started to become more and more difficult to determine over time. Let along the fact that intellectual property rights were already difficult to handle in the first place before the digital age. To explain further I’ll first go into the features of an intellectual property and what it consists of. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age" essay for you Create order Firstly being, it is a form of intangible property. Which means it is something that you can you physically obtain. It is sort of a legal/written form of property. The second feature of it is that its existence is distinct from the physical articles or goods which contain the rights. Which means the rights are not tied to those physical items per say but the actual intellectual portion of it which are the legal terms. The third feature being, in some cases the rights are capable of existence and enforcement with no tangible form. And the fourth feature being, the various rights might subsist in the same things. For example, a document might be subject to patent, design rights and trademarks. A pictorial trademark might also be subject to copyright. Those four features are considered to be the core features of an intellectual property in the digital age. When it comes to the types of intellectual properties in the digital age. There are five main types. And these will be listed in the order of power/importance that they hold. They are patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and the right of publicity. And I will break down each one and how they link back to how they are handled in the digital age. Starting with trade secrets, we see that these hold great importance on a personal level when working within a company. Trade secrets are considered to be very valuable to any company, and not just for the trade secret itself, but for all the aspects that connect back to it. There are two main parts that make up a trade secret. The first part being is that a trade secret must be unique and proprietary and give one company an edge over another company’s product or process. It must also be a secret which is self-explanatory. The second part of it is that a company must do its best to protect the trade secret. Trade secrets must be protected to the best ability of the company or individual that owns the secret. And if that zip is ever threatened, the IP must be defended, or it will be lost. The second type of intellectual property is a patent. While it is similar to a trade secret, it is also different at the same time. Like a trade secret is comprised of two parts. The first part being a patent gives the right for the patent holder, and only the patent holder, to manufacture their product for a period of 20 years; once that time period ends anyone has the ability to go and create said product. The second part being when patents are filed, they must include the inventor’s detailed plans and be made publicly accessible. So that way it is visible for everyone’s record. The third type of intellectual property is a copyright. A copyright is the one legitimate insurance that is promptly offered to the maker once their work is in a substantial form. While a copyright is naturally allowed to a work like a book or program, it is up to the maker to guard their work. Copyrights dont need to be enlisted, however it is prescribed, particularly if the proprietor of the work will ever need to record a claim for it. The fourth type of intellectual property is the right of publicity. Which in common terms is often know as personality rights. It is right of a person to control the business utilization of his or her name, picture, similarity, or different parts of ones character. The fifth and final type of intellectual property is a trade mark. In order for something to become a trademark, it must be both utilized in business and it should likewise be unmistakable. When its acknowledged as a trademark, the proprietor has selective rights to it. When determining the rights of an intellectual property you have to look at the value of said property in order to properly determine its rights. For instance, most successful companies understand the inherent and actual value of the IP they’ve identified. In any case, there is another element who esteems that IP for various reasons. Countries inducing the United States don’t just have IP laws to protect their makes, but to also protect their creativity. When you look at and determine al of the types of intellectual property and laws, you then also have to determine who would be after your property and the reasoning behind said attack. Who is after you IP? 70% Individuals / Small Groups, 20% Criminal Organizations, 5% Cyber Terrorists, 4% State Sponsored, and 1% â€Å"Hacktivists.† (Easy Prey) Hackers/programmers can have diverse inspirations. A few, known as hacktivists, trust in social equity causes and can pool together people and assets to assault targets. Others attempt to hack into targets in order to see if they have the ability to do so. We come to the conclusion of how does one or a group protect their intellectual property? One thing that is recommended is that companies can attempt not to file patents. When it is not on file it is not known as much to the public. Another thing that can be done is that a company can attempt to safeguard their data with proper access control. What you would do is Store any and all company data in secure locations. That would not be known to the public. And a final thing that could be done on a smaller level is to avoid joint ownership in the creative process. When you have multiple owners, problems are created in the end. At the end it might be difficult to determine who is the rightful owner of the property. At the end of the day issues are increasing overtime when it comes to intellectual property rights in the current digital age. The issue that is at hand with this new digital Age is that there is an ever-growing amount of ways of something negative to happen to your IP. Which includes everything from Theft to Mishandling of key information. And Intellectual Property is the backbone of most products, services, and company’s and they need to constantly find new forms of protection in order for them to not lose their rights.