Strategic Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Operation Management - Essay Example Zara has three major product lines, for men, women and children. It has a creative team consisting of sourcing specialist, designers and personnel for product development. The creative team of the company work on products for the current season and they are also engaged in selecting product mix and fabric for the products. Two basic collections are prepared by Zara every year that are the winter/fall collection and the summer/spring collection. The designers of Zara showcase their designs in renowned fashion programs and shows too (Zhelyazkov, n. d.). There is enormous workload of 1000 new design and fashion every month, which is managed by development and design team of 200 employees in Zara. All these employees work from their headquarters that is Spain. This signifies that every individual produces 60 different styles per year, which means approximately 2 styles in every week. This speed is maintained at every stage of product development, which catalyses the retail sales by 200,0 00 – 300,000 in a year. Though this process followed by the company is certainly not cost-efficient, but it is compensated through the high margin on the product (Dutta, 2003). The unique selling proposition (USP) of Zara is that it can take its designs from drawing board to the retail stores around the world in a span of just two weeks. The designs are initially sketched and dedicated through the Computer-aided (CAD) system, with the help of which samples are made by the skilled workers who are working within the design facility (Ferdows, 2003). All the sewing operations take place in the factories owned by the company. The product development structure stated in Figure 1 below is helpful in understanding the product designing and development or production process (Zhelyazkov, n. d.). Figure 1: Product Development Source: (Slack and Lewis, 2002, p. 247) Product development process involves input of operations resource, which includes developing capabilities and rapid change in technology. Moreover, considering the market requirements also play significant role in this process, this is what Zara actively does (Slack and Lewis, 2002). The product development phase beings with market research. This is combined with visiting universities campus and other venues such as discos for observing the fashion trend of the young leaders, sales reports and daily feedbacks (Dutta, 2002). Apart from this, significant investment in information technology and different communication infrastructure has been availed by the company for gathering information on customer demand. The sales managers and associates have customised handheld computers for informing the headquarters regarding daily sales report on real-time basis. The garment styling starts as soon as the designing team receive calls from stores regarding the needs and the team forecast the future demands with the help of these calls. The commercial manager sits with the designers to forecast design demand, fabric , cost and selling price (Dutta, 2002). Resource and Process implications In this section the sources and the processes would be discussed. The fabrics required in the company and other inputs are purchased from external suppliers. There are purchasing offices of Zara in Hong Kong and Barcelona. Apart from this, there are also sourcing personals in Spain, but Europe has been always the top

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay Ethics, or more accurately, the lack of ethics, on the part of business and government leaders has lately received significant attention in the mass media and has been a topic of discussion among the public, as well as the different organizations in the world (Peppas 2002). Business ethics has gained the attention of many scholars and executives in both private and public sectors because of many unethical practices that are being reported. This includes the cases of large multinational organizations including Enron (Rashid Ibrahim 2007). This is the reason why many studies about cultural differences and business ethics have been implemented in the past years. This literature review is conducted in order to analyze and evaluate the arguments regarding the different aspects that are related with business ethics and differences in cultures. Implications of Business Ethics The concept about ethics is considered as a complex matter because it is predicated on an interchange of views regarding the belief systems of individual among the citizens of any culture (Svensson Wood 2003). The study of business ethics and its connection for the stakeholders of organizations have experienced fast growth in the past few decades. The literature about business ethics is divided on its views regarding the motivation and the cause for organizations to have their ethical dimension. The study of Harrison (2001) showed that there are two main schools of thoughts first are those who suggest that firms are operating in order to generate profit, therefore, business ethics is considered as another means of attracting the customers, while the second are those who supported some corporate conscience as well as inherent motivation for the implementation of business ethics. On the other hand, Paul (2001) considered business ethics are very subjective in nature because it is a function of time and culture therefore, the business ethics have changed, together with the cultural values and norms motivated the business ethics in the national and regional boundaries. The study of Hofstede (1983) is considered as one of the most important studies which show the differences of countries or nations in terms of cultures and values. The study showed that there are 4 vital indicators which include individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity which shows great differences in the culture among different nations. The study of Vinten (1991) divided the issues of business ethics in different degree, which include international business, domestic business and professional ethics. Each level constitute for different level of some unethical activities perform by organizations and businesses. Even though, there are many studies which show importance of ethics, and even though it is being followed by different organizations, there are still many reasons and disapproval of adoption of ethics in the world of business. This is connected to the study of Stemberg (1994) which focuses on the case of rejected relativism. It stated that ethics is seen as excessively theoretical, at the same time, contradict the primary reason of any business and it is also lacking of direction in terms of harmony across the different cultures. Business Ethics and Cultural Differences One of the challenges that business ethics is facing is the impact of globalization. As a result, it is common nowadays, for business managers and employees to work with and for people from different nations and races which represents many different cultural values. It is important to consider that culture affects virtually all of the aspects of the business relationship. This is because one aspect, that of business ethics, can cause huge conflict and gross misunderstanding between individuals who do not share the same backgrounds (Sims 2006). With this, the attitudes of individual towards the business ethics may be different greatly even within one culture that trying to come to an agreement across cultures can become nearly impossible. Thus, it may be that an agreement on ethics across cultures is not even recommended (Donaldson Dunfee 1999). Furthermore, in culturally homogenous groups, there is a greater possibility that values of individual members of the team will match. Howev er, because the because of the growing number of cross-cultural organizations, it is important to focus on this subject. Business ethics can be seen as a function of culture because the evolution of culture in the environment of the business will surely affect the acceptable and unacceptable actions inside and outside the organization. Different studies across cultures have been performed in the literature of ethics on the international level such as: Jakubowski et al., 2002; Fisher et al., 2001; Seitz, 2001; and Singhapakdi et al., 1999; and the national level which include Peppas Peppas, 2000; and Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 1999 (Svensson Wood 2003). The study of Singhapakdi Rawwas (1999) shows that the business ethics are considered as essential in the international business, because the culture of individual affect their ethical decisions. It presented that there are some vital differences between the countries, thus it is important to focus on those in order to ensure success of organizations. In connection, Vinten (1998) argues that business ethics has the possibility to become a vital factor of corporate strategy and culture, thus it must be considered in internal and external ethical audit. On the other hand, the study of Hood and Longsdon (2002) showed the similarities and differences of cultural values of managers in three countries. The result showed that one of the vital components of culture is ethics. Therefore, this factor of culture survives as a possible strong influence towards the success of the organizations in the entire marketplace. Bucar Glas (2002) expand a conceptual framework for the evaluation of the cross-cultural differences in the ethical attitudes of business people that are based on the theory of social contract. The result of the study showed that prognostic of the degree of the ethical attitudes among the societies and they focus on the more delicate influence of many social institutions on the ethical attitudes of different groups within the society. On the other hand, according to Sen (1997), in the concept of the role of cultures in the m otivating norms of the behavior of business, it is important to be familiar with the compound structures of principles of business, at the same time, focuses on the wide-ranging contact of sentiments. Business Ethics Theory and Practice Gap The article of Stark (1993) presented the gap between the theory and practice in business ethics. According to Stark (1993) academic researches about business ethics failed to present useful guidance towards the managerial decision-making regarding the different ethical issues. Particularly, this applies on the added urgency that some of the most complex ethical issues which happen in the international arena. This was supported by Dean (1998) who stated that the field of business ethics must also include a service aspect if it is to be considered as the profession of business ethics. This focuses on the qualification of business ethics as profession. Thus, the question lies on the capability of the business ethics as the leading or conducting behavior in the business world, thus, it pertains on whom the field of business ethics is focusing. In addition, the international business ethics can only be deemed a profession based on its tangible and existing advantage towards the actual or real-world risks and threats. Conclusion Business ethics is a vital aspect in any organization and business. This is because it enables them to focus on planning and implementing rules and regulations, standards and policies that will be beneficial to everyone by applying what is right and what is with accordance to the law. However, because of globalization, business ethics is facing different criticism and possible problem. This is because of the fact that culture affects how an individual or group perceives one thing or situation as good or bad. Therefore, it is important to focus on the different cultural factors in order to ensure future success of business world. Annotated Bibliography Morgan, E 1998, Navigating Cross-Cultural Ethics: What Global Managers Do Right To Keep From Going Wrong, Butterworth-Heinemann. This is a textbook which shows the personal stories of managers who are running global business. It focuses on analyzing the different dilemmas that global managers are facing in terms of ethical leadership in international business. Svensson, G Wood, G 2003, The Dynamics of Business Ethics: a Function of Time and Culture Case and Models, Management Decision, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 350 361. This is a journal which examines the construct of ethics as a whole and of the business ethics in specific manner. Furthermore, it also offers a theoretical discussion of the dynamics of ethics in the society and in the marketplace. Gannon, M Newman, K 2002, The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, Wiley-Blackwell. This textbook offer an overview of the different major research perspectives about cross-cultural management and ethics, it includes theories about ethics and cultures, together with how it can be applied in the real-world. Ferrell, O C, Fraedrich, J Ferrell, L 2006, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Cengage Learning. This textbook presents complex environment where in the managers face different ethical decision making. This include how cultural differences can affect how managers and members of the company perceive changes and decisions inside the company. Weiss, J 2008, Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach, Cengage Learning. This textbook presented the different issues that are related with the business ethics. This includes information about the impact of differences in cultures among different nations working in the business environment. Katsioloudes, M Hadjidakis, S 2007, International Business: A Global Perspective, Butterworth-Heinemann. This textbook enables to present the different theories and changes going on in the business environment in international arena. This will be helpful in order to locate information which pertains on the different challenges which global managers will be facing in terms of decision-making.

White-collar Crimes :: Legal Issues, Unethical Behaviors

People draw conclusions and profile the average committed street crimes by race, gender, and social classes. White-collar crimes are probably not as common as street crimes to the average person. Not everyone hears about every crime and some crimes manage to slide around the news. Society usually thinks of crime as violent or unethical abuse of some sort (leaving a baby in the car on accident). Poverty, social environments, and peer pressure influences decisions for people who committee white-collar crimes. Society views of crime are mostly based on personal profiling of offenders and conclusions of the average convicts. A person who reads the newspaper every single day concludes a description of criminals through what they see and read. Elliott (2010) writes, â€Å"The media are quick to report crimes involving individuals that the public would normally espouse as pillars of success† (pg. 1). People think highly of celebrities and successful socialites and the public are appalled when socialites commit white-collar crimes. Media plays important parts of societal views and standards. A store that gets robbed a lot in a certain neighborhood is always on the local news channel. There would be a mental imprint telling you not to go to that store or go at night alone. People are used to turning on the television and seeing convicted murders who fit the typical profile. The not so typical profile such as Martha Stewart or John Rigas is upsetting because their crimes are not the usual norms of society. People symbolize social norms by following the rules of society and maintaining individual society roles. Physical crimes are often more upsetting to people than white-collar crimes. Mooney, Knox, & Schacht (2011) write, â€Å"Nonetheless, many white-collar criminals go unpunished† (pg. 124). People who commit white-collar crimes probably think the sentence for getting caught will not be extreme punishment. Therefore, some white-collar criminals take the risk and label their behavior as accepting. The economical depletion makes poverty, unemployment, and business struggles worse within communities. Elliot (2010) writes, â€Å"Certainly, the global economic crisis we are currently experiencing sets the stage for desperate financial measures† (pg.2). Financial problems affect all social classes in different ways. Someone working at a fast food chain that gets paid minimum wage may have trouble financially. There may be children they must support by any means necessary.

Reflective Writing of Gifted Hands-the Ben Carson Story Essay

â€Å"Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story† is a true story movie that revolves on the life of Benjamin â€Å"Ben† Carson who overcome poverty, racism, and a violent temper to become a world-renowned Pediatric Neurosurgeon that gives him a great credit in the field of Medicine. In his early years, he is the dumbest student in their class that made her mother come up on a decision on urging them (Ben and his brother Curtis) to start reading books in the Detroit Public Library because she doesn’t want her children will end up like her. Before long, Ben moved from the bottom of the class to the top. As he enters the world of Medicine as a Pediatric Neurosurgeon in John Hopkins Hospital, he successfully performed a ground-breaking surgery separating conjoined Siamese twins who were born joined at the head (this complex surgery has never been achieved before without casualties). It was a milestone in neurosurgery, but was far from the only worth mentioning achievement o f Carson’s career. For me, the most noteworthy event in the movie was when his Ben’s mother imparted him, â€Å"You can do anything that anyone else can do, only you can do it better.† This excerpt was intended for Ben to be encouraged and to boost his confidence to pursue with his undertakings to be the best he can be. He slowly discovers that his brain is indeed capable of both intelligent and creative thought. It’s a discovery – the miracle of human brain – that completely changes his life and shapes the course of his future. Learning developed when this excerpt was imparted, for me the gist of the excerpt is there’s nothing impossible if we just think that we can do our best, it just takes courage, self-confidence, self-efficacy and faith in God. Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising which tempt you to believe that your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to an end requires courage. This is similar to Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory. Bandura’s theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in the development of personality. According to Bandura, a person’s attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills comprise what is known as the self-system. This system plays a major role in how we perceive situations and how we behave in response to different situations. Self-efficacy plays an essential part of this self-system. According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is â€Å"the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations† (1995, p. 2). In other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and feel (1994). Since Bandura published his seminal 1977 paper, â€Å"Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change,† the subject has become one of the most studied topics in psychology. (http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/self_efficacy.htm). Because in Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy verifies that self-efficacy can have an impact on everything from psychological state to behavior to motivation while people with high self-efficacy – that is, those who believe they can perform well—are more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered rather than something to be avoided. Like in the Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy this reveals that it is how one judges one’s own competence to complete tasks, ability to perform well and reach goals. Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavour, by determining the beliefs a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, thus strongly influencing both the power a person actually has to face challenges and the choices a person is mostly likely to make. These effects are particularly apparent, and compelling, with regards to behaviors affecting health. It is distinct both from efficacy and from self-esteem, confidence, and self-concept. Understanding how to foster the development of self-efficacy is important for policymakers, educators, and others in leadership positions, and to anyone seeking to build a happier, more productive life. Just like in Ben Carson’s story when he was hesitating on pursuing the operation between the Siamese twins because this surgery wasn’t successfully achieve or accepted before. But with the words of encouragement of his mother, he immediately conducted some research like reading books and applying his stock knowledge. Through these, he successful run the operation on the Rausch twins and that made him carve his name in popularity. Having watched the movie â€Å"Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story† I realize that in life we must believe in ourselves. Believe in our strength, capabilities, and have faith in God. Like in the story of Ben Carson after realizing the words of her mother, he slowly discovers that his brain is indeed capable of both intelligent and creative thought. It’s a discovery – the miracle of human brain – that completely changes his life and shapes the course of his future. Furthermore, I learned that we must not put some barriers or limitations immediately on the things we think we can’t do. Don’t belittle yourself and neglect things right away. Have After watching the movie, I have significantly improved my perception of self-confidence to achieve anything even the impossible. This makes me feel that self-confidence my key to every achievement of goals and even surpassing some difficulties in life. This perception will be a useful tool to me as learner because to be able to succeed in life is to face some up’s and down’s of life with full courage and there will be no courage if self-confidence is missing. As a next step, I need to be open-minded in all possibilities that could happen, even it will be an achievement or misfortune, and ready to face them with courage and faith in God.

Blue Streak Essay

What suggestions would you offer to Art to improve his operation? It seems as though, Art prematurely opened the two locations in neighboring states. Because Art was a constant figure in his other locations from inception, the vision that he had for those locations were taught and able to be practiced to his standards. There are at least three areas in which this operation can be improved. It is clear that art believes that the common denominator in the success of all his other locations is his presence. At the locations in neighboring states his managers feel as though, he frequents the locations too much. There is a clear disconnect in his intent and their out look of the situation. His manager likely believe that he doesn’t trust them to effectively manage, and do the job in which they were hired. They likely seem his as a micromanager. I believe that this problem can be solved with simple communication. He explains the reasoning behind his constant visitations and I’m sure his manager will be able to understand his reasoning and that will relieve some of the tension. Also, his managers do not seem to know what Art is expecting of them as managers. This problem can be handled with training. Art may want to think about closing down his locations for a limited period of time in order to teach his managers what is expected of them. When Art visited these locations, it seems as though he never effectively What management skills must Art master if he is to resolve his problems and continue to grow? Conceptual skills may help him to understand that in order for the company to succeed he needs to plan and organize his goals. Using these skills increases the ability to see the organization as a whole. It would help Mr. Benton to understand the relationships among the different offices and see how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are cruel for the top management and will the company will grow and it will also allow Mr. Benton to grow as a person. Mr. Benton can apply the skills mastered in his company by realizing how the out-of-state offices are connected to the other offices. By understanding this he can understand the business as a whole and decide on the objectives and then proceeding to plan and organize management task. Therefore, mastering conceptual skills are recommended to learn since it will help the CEO understand the company as whole making better decisions and resolving the problems at ease.

5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How Theyre Compounded

5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How Theyre Compounded 5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How They’re Compounded 5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How They’re Compounded By Mark Nichol A while back, I wrote about compound words involving front and back, in and out, and up and down, and the bewildering variety of styles (open, hyphenated, and closed) for each group. Here are five more pairs of words to watch for when they’re used in compound phrases. 1. Light and Dark To be light-headed and to be lighthearted are not strictly analogous one is a physical sensation, and the other refers to an emotion (though it may result in a physical response) but they are both adjectives. So, why is one (and similar compounds like light-fingered and light-footed) hyphenated and the other closed? I confess I’m in the dark. But note that compounds beginning with dark are always open (â€Å"dark days† â€Å"dark horse,† â€Å"dark matter†). Most other noun compounds beginning with light (â€Å"light meter,† â€Å"light pen†) are open, but notice light-rail, which, like a few other compound nouns (mind-set, life-form), remain stubbornly hyphenated (though the meaning of light here differs; it’s akin to the definition in the previous paragraph). When the noun light is the last element of a compound, it’s always closed: candlelight, flashlight, searchlight. 2. Mind and Brain I’m going to go out of my mind. Why is one simpleminded yet single-minded? Is it because one is a presumably perpetual state that a person so designated has little or no control over, while the other is a personality trait? But compounds beginning rather than ending with mind generally obey these rules: open in noun compounds (with the previously noted exception of mind-set and the obscure mind-healer, as well as the jargony mindshare) and hyphenated in adjectival compounds such as mind-bending and mind-boggling). Brain, meanwhile, is almost always open (â€Å"brain trust,† â€Å"brain wave†); brain-dead is a rare exception. 3. Right and Wrong Compounds employing these words for practical or moral choices are generally open (â€Å"right angle,† â€Å"wrong side†), but phrasal adjectives with prepositions (right-of-way, right-to-work) are always hyphenated. 4. Right and Left Most compounds employing right or left as directions are open (noun phrases like â€Å"left wing,† adverbial phrases such as â€Å"right away†), but the phrasal adjectives left-handed and right-handed (also adverbs) are always hyphenated. 5. Smart and Dumb By now, you know not to expect logic in idiomatic phrases it’s â€Å"smart aleck† but smart-ass (or smart-mouth). Open phrasing, however, is preponderant for smart and dumb: â€Å"smart card,† â€Å"smart drug,† â€Å"dumb down,† â€Å"dumb show† (pantomime). Street-smart is hyphenated, but â€Å"street smarts† is open. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsThe Parts of a WordHow Do You Fare?

Definition and Examples of Epiphora in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Epiphora in Rhetoric Epiphora- also known as  epistrophe- is a  rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. Contrast with anaphora (rhetoric). The combination of anaphora and epiphora (that is, the repetition of words or phrases at both the beginning and end of successive clauses) is called symploce. EtymologyFrom the Greek, bringing to Examples and Observations Where now? Who now? When now?- Samuel Beckett, The Unnamable, 1953[T]here is only one thing about which I am certain, and this is that there is very little about which one can be certain.- W. Somerset Maugham, quoted by Laurence Brander in Somerset Maugham: A Guide. Oliver Boyd, 1963Take whatever idiot they have at the top of whatever agency and give me a better idiot. Give me a caring idiot. Give me a sensitive idiot. Just don’t give me the same idiot.†- Aaron Broussard, president of Jefferson Parish, speaking about FEMA Chief Michael Brown, September 6, 2005Im a Pepper, hes a Pepper, shes a Pepper, were a Pepper. Wouldnt you like to be a Pepper, too? Dr. Pepper.- Advertising jingle for Dr. Peppper soft drinkWe deal in illusions, man. None of it is true! But you people sit there, day after day, night after night- also known asall ages, colors, creeds.Youre beginning to believe the illusions were spinning here! Youre beginning to think that the tube is reality and that your own lives are unreal. You do whatever the tube tells you.You dress like the tube.You eat like the tube.You raise your children like the tube.You even think like the tube.This is mass madness, you maniacs! In Gods name, you people are the real thing. We are the illusion!- Peter Finch as television anchorman Howard Beale in Network, 1976 Success hasn’t changed Frank Sinatra. When he was unappreciated and obscure, he was hot-tempered, egotistical, extravagant, and moody. Now that he is rich and famous, he is still hot-tempered, egotistical, extravagant, and moody.- Dorothy Kilgallen, 1959 newspaper columnThere is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.- Bill ClintonIve gotta be your damn conscience. Im tired of being your conscience. I dont enjoy being your conscience.- Dr. Wilson to Dr. House in HouseShes safe, just like I promised. Shes all set to marry Norrington, just like she promised. And you get to die for her, just like you promised.- Jack Sparrow, Pirates of the CaribbeanAnd now when I sway to a fitful wind, alone and listing, I will think, maple key. When I see a photograph of earth from space, the planet so startlingly painterly and hung, I will think, maple key. When I shake your hand or meet your eyes I will think, two maple keys. If I am a maple key falling, at least I can twirl.- Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, 1974 Epiphora and Parallel Structures Epiphora can be combined with parallelism, as in the following expression attributed to both [Abraham] Lincoln and P. T. Barnum: You can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time.- James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001 Shakespeares Use of Epiphora Then, since this earth affords no joy to meBut to command, to check, to o’erbear suchAs are of better person than myself,I’ll make my heaven to dream upon the crown;And, whiles I live, to account this world but hell,Until my mis-shap’d trunk that bears this headBe round impaled with a glorious crown.And yet I know not how to get the crown,For many lives stand between me and home.- Gloucester in William Shakespeares The Third Part of King Henry the Sixth, Act 3, scene 2 Fie, fie, thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit,Which, like a userer, aboundst in all,And uses none in that true sense indeedWhich should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit.- Friar Laurence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, scene 3 Polyptoton and Epiphora A form of epiphora . . . can be created by way of polyptoton (variations on a word). An ad for Suffolk University features the statement, Politics is your life. Now make it your living (life and living are both derived from the Old English word libban). Epiphora can be combined with parallelism, as in the following expression attributed to both Lincoln and P.T. Barnum: You can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time.- James Jasinkski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies. Sage, 2001 Pronunciation: ep-i-FOR-ah

Pell Grant Chart (Most Recent) Eligibility and Payments

Pell Grant Chart (Most Recent) Eligibility and Payments SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're looking for a quick and simple way to estimate your Pell Grant eligibility, you've come to the right place. I've included a couple of different charts that you mayfind helpful: one to check off federal eligibilitycriteria, and one to to estimate Pell Grant award amounts. Read on to learn more! Federal Aid Pell Grant Eligibility Chart The Pell Grant is a federally funded award that's primarily meant to help low-income students pay for college (you can learn more about the Pell Grant here). If you want to be considered for the grant, you have to meet all federal eligibility requirements. There are some other requirements you should be aware of - you can get more information by checking out our eligibilityguide. This next chart is a checklist ofall federal aid criteria. These requirements apply not just for the Pell Grant, but for all types of federal aid. You may find it helpful to print these charts for your own reference. In order to qualify, you must do all of the following: Eligibility Requirement Do you meet this criterion? Have a high school diploma, GED, or approved homeschool education Be enrolled or accepted to enroll in an eligible degree/certificate program You can check with your school/program’s financial aid office if you want to confirm eligibility Be registered with Selective Service, if you are male and between 18-25 years old If applicable,register with the SS website Have a valid Social Security Number (unless you’re from the Marshall Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau) Sign statements on the FAFSA stating that (1) you’re not in default, and do not owe refund money, on a federal student loan, and (2) you’ll only use federal aid money to help pay for your education Access the FAFSA Maintain â€Å"satisfactory† progress in school If you’re concerned about your academic performance, or have questions about what is considered â€Å"satisfactory,† set up a meeting with your dean or other school administrator. In addition to the requirements listed in the chart above, you must be able to check one of the following: Be a US citizen or US national Have a green card Have an arrival-departure record Have battered immigrant status Have a T-Visa Pell Grant Payment Schedule Chart If you've locked down all the Pell Grant eligibility requirements, the next thing you'll want to consider is how much Pell Grant money you could receive. For more detailed information, you could check out our post on Pell Grant limits. Our Pell Grant Calculator guide will walk you through estimating your award amount. If you already have an idea of yourExpected Family Contribution (EFC) andenrollment status (full-time versus part-time), this chart will help you estimate your award amount very efficiently. Keep in mind that the award amounts in this chart are per semester, not per year; just double the appropriate amount to get an estimate of your annual grant eligibility. Expected Family Contribution (EFC) Full-Time 3/4-Time 1/2-Time Less than 1/2-Time 0 $2,887.50 $2,165.50 $1,444.00 $722.00 1 to 100 $2,862.50 $2,147.50 $1,431.50 $715.50 101 to 200 $2,812.50 $2,109.50 $1,406.50 $703.00 201 to 300 $2,762.50 $2,072.00 $1,381.50 $690.50 301 to 400 $2,712.50 $2,034.50 $1,356.50 $678.00 401 to 500 $2,662.50 $1,997.00 $1,331.50 $665.50 501 to 600 $2,612.50 $1,959.00 $1,306.50 $653.00 601 to 700 $2,562.50 $1,922.00 $1,281.50 $640.50 701 to 800 $2,512.50 $1,884.50 $1,256.50 $628.00 801 to 900 $2,462.50 $1,847.00 $1,231.50 $615.50 901 to 1000 $2,412.50 $1,809.50 $1,206.50 $603.00 1001 to 1100 $2,362.50 $1,772.00 $1,181.50 $590.50 1101 to 1200 $2,312.50 $1,734.50 $1,156.50 $578.00 1201 to 1300 $2,262.50 $1,697.00 $1,131.50 $565.50 1301 to 1400 $2,212.50 $1,659.50 $1,106.50 $553.00 1401 to 1500 $2,162.50 $1,622.00 $1,081.50 $540.50 1501 to 1600 $2,112.50 $1,584.50 $1,056.50 $528.00 1601 to 1700 $2,062.50 $1,547.00 $1,031.50 $515.50 1701 to 1800 $2,012.50 $1,509.50 $1,006.50 $503.00 1801 to 1900 $1,962.50 $1,472.00 $981.50 $490.50 1901 to 2000 $1,912.50 $1,434.50 $956.50 $478.00 2001 to 2100 $1,862.50 $1,397.00 $931.50 $465.50 2101 to 2200 $1,812.50 $1,359.50 $906.50 $453.00 2201 to 2300 $1,762.50 $1,322.00 $881.50 $440.50 2301 to 2400 $1,712.50 $1,284.50 $856.50 $428.00 2401 to 2500 $1,662.50 $1,247.00 $831.50 $415.50 2501 to 2600 $1,612.50 $1,209.50 $806.50 $403.00 2601 to 2700 $1,562.50 $1,172.00 $781.50 $390.50 2701 to 2800 $1,512.50 $1,134.50 $756.50 $378.00 2801 to 2900 $1,462.50 $1,097.00 $731.50 $365.50 2901 to 3000 $1,412.50 $1,059.50 $706.50 $353.00 3001 to 3100 $1,362.50 $1,022.00 $681.50 $340.50 3101 to 3200 $1,312.50 $984.50 $656.50 $328.00 3201 to 3300 $1,262.50 $947.00 $631.50 $315.50 3301 to 3400 $1,212.50 $909.50 $606.50 $303.00 3401 to 3500 $1,162.50 $872.00 $581.50 $290.50 3501 to 3600 $1,112.50 $834.50 $556.50 $0.00 3601 to 3700 $1,062.50 $797.00 $531.50 $0.00 3701 to 3800 $1,012.50 $759.50 $506.50 $0.00 3801 to 3900 $962.00 $722.00 $481.50 $0.00 3901 to 4000 $912.50 $684.50 $456.50 $0.00 4001 to 4100 $862.50 $647.00 $431.50 $0.00 4101 to 4200 $812.50 $609.50 $406.50 $0.00 4201 to 4300 $762.50 $572.00 $381.50 $0.00 4301 to 4400 $712.50 $534.50 $356.50 $0.00 4401 to 4500 $662.50 $497.00 $331.50 $0.00 4501 to 4600 $612.50 $459.50 $306.50 $0.00 4601 to 4700 $562.50 $422.00 $0.00 $0.00 4701 to 4800 $512.50 $384.50 $0.00 $0.00 4801 to 4900 $462.00 $347.00 $0.00 $0.00 4901 to 5000 $412.50 $309.50 $0.00 $0.00 5001 to 5100 $362.50 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 5101 to 5198 $313.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 5199 and up $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 What's Next? Now that you know about Pell Grant eligibility requirements and award amounts, you'll want to take that next step: actually submitting a Pell Grant application. Check out our submission guide here. If you're interested in learning more about financial aid opportunities, you may want to look at our guides on merit scholarships and SAT scholarships. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 101

Discussion - Assignment Example In the fast case, it is least expected that a religious leader, in this case a priest, would engage in disgraced acts that contravene their faith and calling. As such, the article is a glaring evidence of faith betrayal in our religion. In this, the faithful expects their leaders to uphold the highest degree of morality. Priests and other men of the cloth hold titles of honor and respect but they end up deceiving the flock. Furthermore, the article has implicate top church officials, including Bishop John B. McCormack, in systematic abuse of power and cover ups. The article has struck me most as I have realized that not even in the custody of our priests that the girl child is safe. In addition, the article has exposed the rot that is being swept under the carpet in parishes and other religious places. As such, a serious call should be made to the priesthood so as they live by their calling so that they can restore the confidence and faith that faithful had on

MGT 305-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MGT 305-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR - Essay Example The widespread issue among all of them is that they are accountable for supporting, motivating, guiding, organizing, teaching, instructing, inspiring a group of people. In general these individuals are referred to as or considered as leaders inside their specific area of functioning. The phrase leadership merely implies the means of persuading a group of people & directing them on the way to the achievement of a universal purpose. The organization where I used to work had a business of Herbal Products. The firm largely dealt with balm for muscle aches & joint pains, tonics for immunity building, lotions & body-oil for supple & soft skin & many such goods for the day-to-day application by the customers. The business followed a unified arrangement of centralized & decentralized framework. The different unit worked on a decentralized style where there was no specialty & everybody knew the job of the other individual. Job Rotation was being experienced as a standard rule. Significance of Organization Structure The contribution to the efficient functioning of organization by its organization structure can be explained as: - Clear-cut Authority Relationships: The responsibility and authority is allocated by the Organization structure. The members of an organization are helped to know their role and relate it to other roles by organizational structure. - Pattern of Communication: the patterns of coordination and communication are provided by the Organization structure. Communication between people is facilitated by Organization structure through grouping of people and activities. - Location of Decision Centre: the locations of centers for decision making in the organization are determined by Organization structure. - Proper Balancing: the emphasizing on group activities’ coordination and creation of the proper balance between them is done by the organizational structure. Higher priority is given to more critical aspect for the success of the enterprise in the o rganization. - Encouraging Growth: Flexible framework is proved to the organization for creating growth opportunities and meeting the challenges by the structure of the organization. - Making use of Technological Improvements: the organizational structure is capable of modification in the existing pattern of responsibilities of the authorities. The on the whole operation of the organization was dependent on the structure of situational leadership style. This approach is based on the outlook of people towards the job entrusted to them & their reaction towards the performance of a leader (greeks.cofc.edu. n.d.). The idea of situational leadership is reliant on the key rudiments of task behavior & relationship behavior. The relationship behavior implies the quantity of social & emotional hold provided by the leader. It point toward the flow of communication involving the followers & leader. Task behavior implies the guidance & direction offered by the leader. It is extremely work- focu sed & puts emphasis on the proficient achievement of the goals. In the situational leadership style, 4 essential situations have been recognized by the leadership professionals that are dependent on relationship behavior on one axis & task behavior on the other axis of the grid. The following diagram reveals the illustration of a situational leadership structure- These styles stand for the management approach that completely depends on the condition faced by the firm. In case of the company

Why do I want to join the Doctorate (Phd) program for Business Personal Statement

Why do I want to join the Doctorate (Phd) program for Business - Personal Statement Example Contemporary universities have offered programs in diverse and multidimensional formats that ensure the holistic development of the students. In this regard, I am most enthusiastic and determined to pursue a Doctorate of Business Administration from Abu Dhabi University, one of the most prestigious universities in the country, deemed to fulfill both personal and professional goals. As I was remunerating on the career paths available for business doctorates, I was initially ambivalent from the following options: a profession that is purely in academics; an endeavor delving into a potentially rewarding career with a global organization; or eyeing a combination of a career that balances requirements between academics and consulting for businesses. After careful soul searching and weighing opportunities in conjunction with personal interests, I have decided on a career that further develops my business acumen in the field I am currently in. I am currently the Group CEO of a prominent Rea l Estate company called "Dubai Properties Group" since 200; and previous to that I worked as the CEO for Tatweer (another Real Estate company in Dubai) from 2006 to 2009. Working in this capacity made me recognize the need to hone my interpersonal, informational and decisional skills. As CEO, I have intermittently assumed the roles of the taskmaster, mediator, motivator and organizational designer. To expand my perspectives on presiding over the total enterprise, I have recognized the need to pursue higher education focusing on marketing and management to address the needs of the company, in response to competitive pressures and of changes in diverse factors of the external environment. In this regard, I would particularly be interested into conducting a research on the future directions open to real estate companies given the recent slum the resulted from the financial crisis that was globally entrenched. A potential research study on the problems that continue to besiege real esta te companies in our country with the aim of providing strategies to address weaknesses and threats would assist in the improvement of the real estate industry, in general. Pursuant to Abu Dhabi University’s mission of producing â€Å"global leaders who understand the challenges of our time and make positive contributions to national and global prosperity†¦ not limited to educating students but also to transforming the UAE into a vibrant, prosperous and strong nation† (Abu Dhabi University: Chancellor Welcome, par. 1), I plan to be an active contributor to the transformation of the real estate industry into a more dynamic and productive sector. My role as a CEO required me to be heavily involved, since 2009, in restructuring the organization, development of a prudent governance framework, corporate governance, development of a strategic 5 year business plan with explicitly defined organizational mission, objectives and values. Through pursuing the doctorate degree in business administration, I would be accorded the perfect opportunity to develop policy making skills and strategic development of plans and prospects that would be deemed significant and crucial in responding to the needs of more sophisticated clientele. As I reviewed the program profile, I was immediately attracted to its goal of supporting â€Å"the ability of candidates to develop their knowledge and provide them with a sound understanding of theories in addition to applying them, while helping centers of higher education, consultants and academics specialized in business admin

Japans Expansionism in Asia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Japans Expansionism in Asia - Research Paper Example Poring over Japan’s adversarial history in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century it is easily discernible that the sole incentive for the nation’s aggressive expansionism policy was its unquenchable thirst for natural resources. Japan’s seemingly interminable drive to conquer Asian colonies was clearly spurred by its three nationalistic campaigns namely, modernization, industrialization and an imperialistic militarism, which required an infinite source of natural resources to succeed. Late in the 19th century, Japan which was undergoing rapid industrialization and modernization realized that it needed to simulate Western nations to achieve significant success in its developing mainland1. The nation required a blend of two key drivers of Western economies to surge its economic aspirations; technology and capitalism. However, for Japan with its limited natural resources, capitalism dictated colonialism in order to furnish its needs for raw materials2. The country was further influenced into an imperialistic stance by its relatively hostile neighborhood featuring Russia and China and its inherent vulnerability considering its location3. The nation thus had no choice but to adopt an antagonistic policy for its neighbors. This policy dictated that the nation had to establish a palpable military to establish itself as one of the powers in Asia if not the sole power. The Japanese military evolved at a rapid pace just like its industries and added its materials’ demands to the already choked Japanese natural resource needs.

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example The rising consumer needs in the developing as well as the developed markets is generating a uniform business opportunity. Companies of local as well as international origin are actively focusing on entering newer markets as well as expanding their presence in existing markets so as to capitalize the newly emerging business opportunities. The business firms of the 21st century are actively focusing on radical as well as disruptive innovation so as to effectively fulfill the needs of the masses. It is important to highlight that the because of the presence of multiple firms offering homogenous products and services, the competition in the market is extremely high. The availability of similar kinds of product and service offerings are resulting in the increase in power for the buyers. It has to be said that to deal with the intense market competition as well as to retain their competitive edge, the organizations needs to design as well as execute successful strategies. This particular assignment focuses on the aspects of strategy development, cutting edge technology as well as the sustainable competitive advantage which are necessary for present day organizations. Traditionally, organizations around the world follow a well designed hierarchy, the top of which is often tasked with the responsibility of strategy planning as well as implementation. For the implementation as well as execution of strategies, companies in various corners of the world often follow the usual one way top down implementation approach. Over the course of execution of business, there have often been doubts about whether it is possible to design effective strategies without following the traditional top down route. In order to find a satisfying answer to this particular focus, it is important to highlight that there is a high level of persistence that is associated with the hierarchical concept of an organization. Organizations which

Paper on Achebe's Things Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper on Achebe's Things Fall Apart - Essay Example Achebe’s novel seems to digress to understand the Okonkwo’s with the arrival of western missionaries’ gravity therefore; the viewer should see Okonkwo within his world’s context. Set in both the colonial and pre-colonial era, Things Fall Apart highlights differences between traditional African and Christian belief system. It depicts the lifestyle of the past traditional culture among the Nigerians and its clashes with the introduction of colonialism. It stars Okonkwo, a resilient who strived to renounce his unsuccessful father in character and way of living. Unoka who is the father of Okonkwo offered no attention to his family and he finally died poor leaving many debts to be paid while Okonkwo toiled to become a wealthy and powerful man among the people of his village as a leader, warrior and a wealthy and courageous traditionalist with three wives and had many children1. Due to these, qualities Okonkwo was elected to become the guardian of Ikemefuna. Ike mefuna is a boy given to Okonkwo by a neighbouring village, he lives in the hut of Okonkwo’s first wife, and he developed a close relationship with Okonkwo’s oldest son. ... When Okonkwo came back to Umofia, he revolted against destroying a local church. They were held prisoner by the white administration for a while and released after payment of a ransom. The native leaders felt humiliated and greatly insulted and brought up a great uprising. Well known as an adamant warrior, Okonkwo advocated for war against the whites killing a native messenger from the colonial administration2. Realising with despair that his community will not fight to protect themselves, he ultimately committed suicide rather than be tried in a foreign colonial court. It is against the traditions for an individual to commit suicide, thus in death, he ruined his reputation and legacy. This clearly shows how the political structure of the white men and the Africans vary as the white men had court system through which they ensured justice was done by having the grieved compensated by the trouble maker and did not allow the tit for tat approach used by the Africans. Mr Brown and Revere nd Smith are white missionaries who greatly affected Christianity to the people of Umuofia. Mr Brown was a western missionary who was succeeded by Reverend Smith in Umuofia. This happened as Okonkwo was away on exile, an exile that was brought unto his due to misfiring of his gun killing the son of the elder Ezendu during the Ezendu’s funeral. The exile was meted upon the Okonkwo family to appease the gods that were irritated by the death. Brown and Smith were marvelled at the acceptance of Christianity in the village. This was due to the equality gospel they preached. Among the traditions he was against were blatant killing of some of the villagers regarded them as outcasts. Smith was a critic of

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example The rising consumer needs in the developing as well as the developed markets is generating a uniform business opportunity. Companies of local as well as international origin are actively focusing on entering newer markets as well as expanding their presence in existing markets so as to capitalize the newly emerging business opportunities. The business firms of the 21st century are actively focusing on radical as well as disruptive innovation so as to effectively fulfill the needs of the masses. It is important to highlight that the because of the presence of multiple firms offering homogenous products and services, the competition in the market is extremely high. The availability of similar kinds of product and service offerings are resulting in the increase in power for the buyers. It has to be said that to deal with the intense market competition as well as to retain their competitive edge, the organizations needs to design as well as execute successful strategies. This particular assignment focuses on the aspects of strategy development, cutting edge technology as well as the sustainable competitive advantage which are necessary for present day organizations. Traditionally, organizations around the world follow a well designed hierarchy, the top of which is often tasked with the responsibility of strategy planning as well as implementation. For the implementation as well as execution of strategies, companies in various corners of the world often follow the usual one way top down implementation approach. Over the course of execution of business, there have often been doubts about whether it is possible to design effective strategies without following the traditional top down route. In order to find a satisfying answer to this particular focus, it is important to highlight that there is a high level of persistence that is associated with the hierarchical concept of an organization. Organizations which

Racism and Football (soccer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Racism and Football (soccer) - Essay Example For example, FIFA was arranged with no English hold up in 1904 and England team did not take part in the World Cup Finals till 1905 at which end they were abruptly mortified by the hasty USA. Afterward, in late 1950s, the Football association ineffectively resisted the contribution of English society in European club rivalries. Fundamentals of the magnificent narrowness of British football's history is today repeated in the aristocratic racism exposed in enlightenment made by football executives and senior football officers about black players such as they have an inborn lack of regulation and constancy, a break off on their shoulder, a abhor of the bitter and many more. Such comments gives out merely to effect typecasts by functioning ahead the racial mythology about black footballers who are variously supposed to be short of bottle plus are no superior in the dirt and have no endurance. However, these comments are but daily cases of the type of crumbling, informal racism which has usually infused professional football all through the organizational, training and playing stages of the game. Simply now are such visions being effectively challenged and reassessed inside the sport, though for aspiring British Asian footballers a fresh set of typecasts have to be defeated. Though, it would be unjust to advise that the same racist outlooks and performance have been current at all football clubs at all era as there are substantial dissimilarities flanked by the society at different clubs. Such as, clubs like Bromwich Albion forged with the mark of black players in the new era and in the late 1970s the WBA meadows the brilliant black trio of Cyrille Regis, Laurie Cunningham and Brendan Batson and in doing so concerned substantial local black hold up. In numerous other clubs, attitudes towards black players seem to have been quite diverse. Even nowadays it is not odd for managers, executives and trainers to be frankly racist about black players. Game is an ordinary sp ot for racism partly because organic and hereditary suppositions about the bodily abilities of blacks are set next to the racist suppositions about their imaginary rational restrictions. It is burly in Britain because of the past relations between sports, the country and territory which themselves appear out of racist society together with slavery. (Cohen, P., 1998) Racism of the Crowd Racism on the football patios and in the position is normally quite more obvious and for most people easier to recognize than the partially institutionalized appearances which have a propensity to distinguish specialized football society. Patios and position racism characteristically absorbs individualized appearance of mistreatment plus communal hymning with a racist contented, the most ordinary of which has been a monkey hymn connecting with mumbling sounds which can or can not be escorted by monkey kind gesticulations. There is also a proof of racist songs being poised and sung to a variety of admired melodies. At a number of the football sites in British football where unconcealed admirer racism has been most apparent, black players have been bathed with

Comparison of Cognitive Development Theories

Comparison of Cognitive Development Theories Cognitive development is defined as the areas of neuroscience and psychology studies, concentrating on adolescent development with special focusing on information processing, language learning, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, and brain development. Jean Piaget and Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky were two pioneers in the field of cognitive development. With this essay I will compare and contrast each theorists views on the nature or development of intelligence. I shall also compare their views on the stages of development from birth through adolescence. And finally I will incorporate possible classroom applications of each theorists views. Similarities in Cognitive Development Piaget believed that all children are born with a tendency to interact with and make sense of their environment and that they need little instructor intervention. He referred to the basic ways of organizing and processing information as cognitive structures. He defined the mental patterns that guide behavior as schemes, and he theorized that we use schemes to find out about and interact with the world around us. Piagets theory consisted of steps in the development of new schemes of cognitive development referred to as adaptation of adjusting schemes in response to a new object being introduced in our environment. The first step in adaptation if called assimilation, or trying to understand the new object or event in our environment from known scheme, and if the new object does not fit into an existing scheme, the individual will move into accommodation where they modify an existing scheme to fit the new situation. Finally the person will reach an understanding of the new object, this process of restoring a balance between current schemes and the integration of the new schemes is known as equilibration. Piaget theory of intellectual development is a constructivism view, where individuals build systems of understanding through their experiences and interaction with in their environment, suggesting that development came before learning, that specific cognitive structures need to be developed before certain types of learning can take place. Like Piaget, Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development takes place in steps that are the same for all individuals. Vygotsky theorized the first step in intellectual development is learning that action and sounds have meaning. Second, that step in cognitive development was practicing the new action or sound. And finally, using the actions and sounds to think and solve problems without the help of others, referred to by Vygotsky as self-regulation. Differences in Cognitive Development While Piaget believed that intellectual development was highly personal, and that individuals learned from experiences rather than the teaching of concepts and thought processes, Vygotsky believed that learning development was a social process directly linked to the teaching of information, and that learning proceeded development. Vygotsky theorized that language was the key to cognitive development, and learning was influenced by the culture of the individual. He believed that a child first incorporated the speech on others into their personal knowledge and practices it, known as private speech, and later they used this private speech in efforts to solve tasks. Vygotsky redefined this theory into what we now know as The Zone of Proximal Development. (ZDP) defines intellectual development as the ability to use thought to control our own actions, but first we must master cultural communication systems, and then use these to systems to regulate our thought processes. Children learning with in the (ZPD) work on tasks that they could not complete alone, but were able to finish with the help of and competent instructor. These teachable moments demonstrate Vygotsky theory that learning proceeded development, and that cooperative learning promotes advance learning. His theory defined language as a way to pass on cultural values and that teaching language was the medium needed to develop cognitive thought processes. Similarities of the Stages of Development Both Piaget and Vygotsky were stage theorist, meaning they both believe that development takes place in observable stages. Piagets theory was that development took place in four stages. -The first stage for Piagets theory was the sensorimotor stage (from birth age 2) where the child explores the world using their 5 senses and motor skills. Children are born with what is described as reflex motor skills, suck, grasp, ect. During early development, the child uses these skills to manipulate the world and develops schemes from these experiences in a progression toward goal-directed behavior nearing the end of this stage of development. -Piagets second stage is Preoperational stage (2yrs-7yrs) He believed that children in this stage of development wouldnt have mastered the ability of more complex mental operations; children do not have the ability to reason through their actions. They are considered egocentric, and assume others agree with their points of view. During this stage children lack conservation skills; they do not understand that the amount of something remains the same when the appearance has been rearranged. And they have not developed reversible thinking or taking a problem back to its starting point. -Developmental stage three is the Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) In this stage the child is beginning to achieve comprehension of abstract concepts. The child is starting to understand conservation, perspective and reverse thinking. The child is capable of systematic ordering and able to group objects accordingly. The child is starting to multitask in their thought processes. -And Finally, The Formal Operational stage Age (11 to early-adult) By this stage the person has accomplished abstract think processes. They have developed hypothetical and deductive reasoning. They have the ability to imagine situations and reason best solution principles. They are now capable of meta-cognition or able to think about thinking. Vygotskys stage theory of development was known as Scaffolding. In Scaffolding, First a mentor starts with providing the child with a high level of support, such as one-on-one instruction, allowing the child time to develop an understanding of the concepts being presented. Next the mentor starts to scale back the support allowing the child to take on more of the responsibility of the task. And finally, when the child understands the objective of the task the mentor steps aside allowing the child to perform the task on their own, demonstrating the comprehension of the knowledge set gained. Differences in Stages of Development Piagets theory of the stages of development, focus on development is necessary before learning can take place, and that interaction with ones environment is more important to development than mentored instruction. This view is very age oriented and ridged in its outline and expatiations of child development. Where Vygotsky views learning as the processor to development. That language, culture and mentoring are all important aspects of the learning process that will help the individual develop successfully. Similarities in Classroom Application Piagets and Vygotsky theories have similar applications for the classroom setting; first Piaget wants the instructor must focus on the process of child thinking trying to understand how the child can up with the answer, and not just the product or solution to the problem, deemphasize practices aimed at making children make adult like decisions, and have the instructor acknowledge the differences in individual developmental progress. Vygotskys theory in a similar fashion, places emphasis on the childs thinking process, with the instructor understanding the childrens individual developmental progress. As a teacher I can use these theories to develop class room techniques that focus on the students as individuals, and Ill try to understand their level of development so that I do not force the student to meet standards that are not reasonable given their state of understanding and cognitive development. Differences In classroom Application Piagets theory wants the instructor to encourage the students into self-initiation and active learning activities which take the emphasis off structured knowledge and encourages the student to explore and build on current levels on cognitive knowledge. This differs from Vygotsky theory, which advises the teacher to provide planned activities, and encourage students to participate in planned group activities, which encourage them to learn in structure environments which encourage high levels of mentored instruction. With an option of the two theories, I think Ill stick to a more Vygotsky form of lesson planning. I believe that students can do well with hand on actives, yet I believe that if the Instructor does not provide the student with structure the students do not develop at a rate that allow them to control themselves in a classroom setting, and that structure gives the student guidance and sets expectations for the students, that give the students goals to strive for.

Alexander The Great Episode Essay -- Papers

Alexander The Great Episode The film begins in Iran where we are told of how he was the devil and how he had two horns . They made their hate for him obvious. Th intro also tells us of how he was led to the speaking tree in India that told him that he would die young. That was the end of the introduction. Alexander was born in Macedonia , at a young age he believed that he was the son of god . There was no doubt about his extraordinary parents . His father had seven wives , he was an alcoholic yet a great man who controlled the country well . His mother was a weird manipulative women . At a young age he showed signs of brilliance , at 10 he tamed a horse that was thought to be untameable as no one in the land could tame it . His father always told him to aim high and that Macedonia was never enough for him . Alexander always hated the Persians for what they had done to his country . He had revenge in his blood and that was the beginning of the end for the Persian Empire . An interesting fact about him is that there is only one original portrait of him , all the rest are copies . At 19 his father died and so he took control of the country . Immediately he set out to Asia with 35,000 troops to seek revenge on Persia . This would be his last time in his homeland . He set out for Troy to visit the Tombs of Athena and Achilles . He believed that their sacred weapons would help him and so he took them . He believed that the gods would help him defeat the mighty Persians. He began his destiny by opening up the coast of Turkey and defeating the local government . He then went to Didimer's temple . He sought help on his miss... ...h for the leader . It was presented to him in a helmet . He took it and tipped it into the sand for if his army weren't going to drink then neither would he . The route he took was deemed impossible for an army and that's why he took it, for the challenge, 60 days later they reached Iran. At that time Iran was the centre of the Universe , he now regretted his earlier action of burning down the Palace . He still wanted to conquer the west . His close friend Histien died , Alexander was in despair . He went to Babylon ignoring the warning made by the gods to him . He died there on the 10th June . He had a bad fever . The veterans took a last look at his body to confirm his death to the people and to themselves . He had always taken recognition of the veterans . Alexander had been broken by the insanity of absolute power.

Father Child Relationships in The Chosen, Dead Bodies Everywhere, and S

Father Child Relationships in The Chosen, Dead Bodies Everywhere, and Sherwood Anderson's Tandy      Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok presents an important theme that is mirrored in other works of literature. The Chosen's portrayal of a dysfunctional father-child relationship is present in the song "Dead Bodies Everywhere" by the band Korn and in Sherwood Anderson's short story "Tandy". All three works depicted fathers who attempted to change their children into someone different. The works showed how this could hurt the children's relationship with their respective father. The pieces of literature also show how this type of dysfunctional father-child relationship can lead to the child finally disavowing their father and previous life. The Chosen, "Dead Bodies Everywhere", and "Tandy" all show Fathers that try to change their children, the damage caused by this effort, and finally the total renunciation by the child of their previous life.    In The Chosen, "Dead Bodies Everywhere", and "Tandy" the major factor in a dysfunctional father-child relationshi...

Examining the Use of Social Media and Its Impact on Corporate

Title Examining the Use of Social Media and Its Impact on Corporate Commerce Assessment A, Part One – Evaluating the Pros and Cons of Different Social Media Sites Identify the pros and cons for each site. Blogger Con: Security – possible transmission of untrustworthy links Blogger Con: Too much information – public disclosure Blogger Con: Ability to post relevant, up-to-the-minute news and updates Blogger Pro: Ability to create a community Blogger Pro: Ability to incorporate elements of other social media sitesBlogger Pro: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Blogger Pro: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Digg Con: Not relevant to the niche audience Digg Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Digg Con: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Digg Con: Instant communication to large groups Digg Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, vid eos Facebook Con: Limited visual presentation of productFacebook Con: Ability to filter comments via an approval mechanism Facebook Con: Security – possible transmission of untrustworthy links Facebook Pro: Ability to create a community Facebook Pro: Ability to incorporate elements of other social media sites Facebook Pro: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Facebook Pro: Instant communication to large groups Facebook Pro: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Facebook Pro: Mobility – viewing on a cell photo adds to the audienceFacebook Pro: Ability to post relevant, up-to-the-minute news and updates Facebook Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, videos Flickr Con: Limited access from target audience Flickr Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Flickr Con: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience Flickr Pro: Not a good way to build buzz in the beginning Flickr Pro: Limited visual presentation of product Metacafe Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographicsMetacafe Con: Instant communication to large groups Metacafe Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Metacafe Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, videos Twitter Con: Ability to filter comments via an approval mechanism Twitter Con: Character Limits Twitter Con: Limited visual presentation of product Twitter Con: Security – possible transmission of untrustworthy links Twitter Con: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics Twitter Pro: Instant communication to large groupsTwitter Pro: Mobility – viewing on a cell photo adds to the audience Twitter Pro: Ability to post relevant, up-to-the-minute news and updates Twitter Pro: Ability to receive instant feedback from product demographics YouTube Con: Ability to filter comments via an approval mechanism YouTube Con: Secu rity – possible transmission of untrustworthy links YouTube Pro: Ability to incorporate elements of other social media sites YouTube Pro: Mass customization – widespread use among target audience YouTube Pro: Media convergence – showing text, screen shots, videosAssessment A, Part Two – Examining the Use of Social Media and its Impact on Corporate Commerce Recommend which social media site Master Dynasty should be launched on. Blog, Twitter, and Facebook. Assessment B – Examining the Use of Social Media and its Impact on Corporate Commerce How can social media sites help us build our brand? Centralizing social site, and create links to our other sites will build up our brand. How can we best reach our target audience? Gather our quality followers instead of quantity, we can choose our niche in our target audience based on profiles.How can it help our corporate commerce to show our audience that we're human beings? Show audience we are not just here to sell, but are gamers to. How does social media help give people a reason to buy from us? Targeting relevant customers and marketing our brand turns selling into participating online community. How can we use customer comments to improve our corporate commerce? By helping, us keep our customers happier by responding to their individual needs after receiving instant feedbacks of comments and posts. Â © 2011 Toolwire, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ovarian Cysts During Pregnancy

Ovarian Cyst during Pregnancy What are ovarian cysts? Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled, sac-like structures within an ovary. The term cyst refers to a fluid-filled structure. Therefore, all ovarian cysts contain at least some fluid. What causes ovarian cysts? Ovarian cysts form for numerous reasons. The most common type is a follicular cyst, which results from the growth of a follicle. A follicle is the normal fluid-filled sac that contains an egg. Follicular cysts form when the follicle grows larger than normal during the menstrual cycle and does not open to release the egg. Usually, follicular cysts resolve on their own over the course of days to months. Cysts can contain blood (hemorrhagic or endometrioid cysts) from injury or leakage of tiny blood vessels into the egg sac. Occasionally, the tissues of the ovary develop abnormally to form other body tissues such as hair or teeth. Cysts with these abnormal tissues are called dermoid cysts. What symptoms are caused by ovarian cysts? Most cysts are never noticed and resolve without women ever realizing that they are there. When a cyst causes symptoms, pain in the belly or pelvis is by far the most common one. The pain can be caused from rupture of the cyst, rapid growth and stretching, bleeding into the cyst, or twisting of the cyst around its blood supply. How are ovarian cysts diagnosed? Most cysts are diagnosed by ultrasound, which is the best imaging technique for detecting ovarian cysts. Ultrasound is an imaging method that uses sound waves to produce an image of structures within the body. Ultrasound imaging is painless and causes no harm. Cysts can also be detected with other imaging methods, such as CAT scan or MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging). How can the physician decide if an ovarian cyst is dangerous? If a woman is in her 40's, or younger, and has regular menstrual periods, most ovarian masses are â€Å"functioning ovarian cysts,† which are not really abnormal. They are related to the process of ovulation that happens with the menstrual cycle. They usually disappear on their own during a future menstrual cycle. Therefore, especially in women in their 20's and 30's, these cysts are watched for a few menstrual cycles to verify that they disappear. Because oral contraceptives work in part by preventing ovulation, physicians will not really expect women who are taking oral contraceptives to have common â€Å"functioning ovarian cysts. † Thus, women who develop ovarian cysts while taking oral contraceptives may be advised against simple observation; rather, they may receive closer monitoring with pelvic ultrasound or, less commonly, surgical exploration of the ovary. Other factors are helpful in evaluating ovarian cysts (besides the woman's age, or whether she is taking oral contraceptives). A cyst that looks like it's just one simple sac of fluid on the ultrasound is more likely to be benign, than a cyst with solid tissue in it. So the ultrasound appearance also plays a role in determining the level of suspicion regarding a serious ovarian growth. Ovarian cancer is rare in women younger than age 40. After age 40, an ovarian cyst has a higher chance of being cancerous than before age 40, although most ovarian cysts are benign even after age 40. CA-125 blood testing can be used as a marker of ovarian cancer, but it does not always represent cancer when it is abnormal. First, many benign conditions in women of childbearing age can cause the CA-125 level to be elevated, so CA-125 is not a specific test, especially in younger women. Pelvic infections, uterine fibroids, pregnancy, benign (hemorrhagic) ovarian cysts, and liver disease are all conditions that may elevate CA-125 in the absence of ovarian cancer. Second, even if the woman has an ovarian cancer, not all ovarian ca ncers will cause the CA-125 level to be elevated. Furthermore, CA-125 levels can be abnormally high in women with breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. How are ovarian cysts treated? Most ovarian cysts in women of childbearing age are follicular cysts (functional cysts) that disappear naturally in 1-3 months. Although they can rupture (usually without ill effects), they rarely cause symptoms. They are benign and have no real medical consequence. They may be diagnosed coincidentally during a pelvic examination in women who do not have any related symptoms. All women have follicular cysts at some point that generally go unnoticed. A follicular cyst in a woman of childbearing age is usually observed for a few menstrual cycles because the cysts are common, and ovarian cancer is rare in this age group. Sometimes ovarian cysts in menstruating women contain some blood, called hemorrhagic cysts, which frequently resolve quickly. Ultrasound is used to determine the treatment strategy for ovarian cysts because if can help to determine if the cyst is a simple cyst (just fluid with no solid tissue, seen in benign conditions) or compound cyst (with some solid tissue that requires closer monitoring and possibly surgical resection). In summary, the ideal treatment of ovarian cysts depends on the woman's age, the size (and change of size) of the cyst, and the cyst's appearance on ultrasound. Treatment can consist of simple observation, or it can involve evaluating blood tests such as a CA-125 to help determine the potential for cancer (keeping in mind the many limitations of CA-125 testing described above). The tumor can be removed either with laparoscopy, or if needed, an open laparotomy (using and incision at the bikini line) if it is causing severe pain, not resolving, or if it is suspicious in any way. Once the cyst is removed, the growth is sent to a pathologist who examines the tissue under a microscope to make the final diagnosis as to the type of cyst present. Ovarian Cysts At A Glance Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled, sac-like structures. Ovarian cysts form for numerous reasons. When a cyst causes symptoms, pain in the belly or pelvis is by far the most common one. Most cysts are diagnosed by ultrasound. The treatment of ovarian cysts varies from observation and monitoring to surgical procedures. Case Study: Ovarian Cyst during Pregnancy I am 35 and 13 weeks into my second pregnancy. Four weeks ago, I went to the hospital for pain in my lower right quadrant. A sonogram showed a cyst on my right ovary, about 15cm. The doctor has had me in bed since then, and I have had two more sonograms. It hasn't gone down. The doctors seem to think it is fluid-filled and not cancerous. Can cysts really go down on their own? How long should I wait to see if it will go down? Have you heard of any cysts this large during pregnancy, and do they pose a danger to the baby? Cysts (fluid-filled structures) can go down on their own, but it is unlikely a 15cm cyst in pregnancy will do so. Cysts are not that uncommon during pregnancy, affecting about 1 in 1,000 pregnant women. The vast majority of ovarian masses found during pregnancy are benign; the incidence of ovarian cancer is 1 in 25,000 births. Ultrasound can be helpful in determining if a mass is benign or malignant, but it cannot do so with 100 percent certainty. If ultrasound shows that the mass is strictly fluid-filled, without septation or thick walls, it is probably benign. The problem with large, even benign, cysts during pregnancy is that they may rupture or torse (twist on themselves). Either of these events leads to significant pain for mom and the potential for miscarriage or preterm labor and delivery for the baby. Large (more than 6-8cm) cysts are usually removed surgically if they do not decrease in size spontaneously over the course of a few weeks. In pregnancy, the best time to operate is in the second trimester, ideally around 14-16 weeks. Occasionally, a cyst may be dealt with via laparoscopy, but very large cysts often require a large, open incision. A 15 cm cyst is rather big, and the potential for complications like rupture is high. If it has remained for more than two weeks, I suggest you talk to your doctor about your option. Your doctor may have been just watching you for now, until you get out of the first trimester (the first 13 weeks of pregnancy). I have removed several masses this size during pregnancy, and all of my patients went on to deliver normal, healthy babies.

Origins and Evolution of Ipe Essay

Origins and evolution of IPE and its relationship with International Relations, Comparative Politics and Economics International Political Economy can be defined as the study of how economics and politics influence each other in the global system; the interaction of those two aspects of the global society. IPE focuses how governmental policies affect the way economic resources are used and what are the consequences of those policies, especially economic consequences (welfare consequences). Although the terms â€Å"globalization† and IPE are relatively new, global political economy, as the study of interaction between politics and economics, has existed for more than a century. The first global economy took place during the nineteenth century when the British Empire was the center and hegemony of the global economy and trade. In a time when mercantilism was the dominant economic system, Britain made its economy more flexible and opened to the exterior; this first global economy was based on bilateral agreements that reduced tariffs and on a stable international monetary system (starting with the British abolition of Corn Laws and the British-French Cobden-Chevalier Treaty). The gold standard was also adopted by many nations as the fixed rate exchange. By these years, the first perspectives of international political economy were used to explain the situation and the future of the global economy: †¢ Liberalism: that encourages international economic interactions in order to enrich each of the involved countries. Individuals are the main actors ruling the economy and cooperation benefits all of them. †¢ Mercantilism: which argues that economic power is necessary to gain national power; it supports that the State is the most important actor in economics. †¢ Marxism: that divides the global economy in two groups: advanced countries that explode the poorest countries. However, the beginning of the twentieth century was characterized by multiple changes in the system. The First World War meant the collapsed of the British hegemony and the raise of the American power. Despite the collapsed of the global economy in 1929, the Great Depression, USA regained its economic power during and after the Second World War (period known as the Pax Americana). Since WWII was caused in part by the failure to reconstruct a stable global economy after WWI, United States, as the hegemonic power, worked in order to create international institutions to provide a more stable structure and integrated international economy. Therefore, developments after 1945 have increased the interactions between economies. In this post-war period, new international organizations were created: World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank have strongly shaped the international political economy and its study. Today, the understanding of their function is essential to the study of IPE; they are key focuses of the IPE. However, some argue that the IPE was not developed until the 60’s and 70’s, when the Pax Americana was declining. This was a period characterized political and social instability; economy was not as prosper as it used to be in the past and the Cold War was increasing the international tension between capital and communist blocs. Moreover, events such as the Oil Embargo in 1973 and the breakdown of the Bretton Woods monetary system are key factors that influenced the development of IPE. For these reason, the old theories were not able anymore to analyze and understand the global political and economic situation. Theories like the hegemonic stability, which argues the necessary existence of a hegemonic country which controls the global political economy, failed in their attempts to predict the future of the international system based on state-power explanations. USA hegemony has been collapsing since the 60’s; however, cooperation, interdependence and global trade since then have increased successfully. Today, the global economy is dominated not only by United States, but by Japan, Germany and France. Moreover, IPE today is facing the challenges of a more globalized political economy, where new actors have key roles in the function of the system, such as China and India. By examining the historic events of the international environment during the last centuries, we can notice how important the interaction is between economic and political factors in the global system. Economic tools, such as tariffs, clearly determine openness and global trade: the lowest the tariffs of states, the greater the openness of economies (periods from 1820 to 1879 and from 1946 to 1970). Those periods of open economies correspond to the raising of the British and American hegemony. On the other hand, we can notice how these economic interactions shape States’ foreign policies: normally, trade is concentrated within regions not only because of comparative advantage, but by political choices or dictates (Krasner, 29). Nowadays, globalization is creating a lot of controversy and disagreement about the future of our international system. While some emphasizes the benefits of a more interdependent and cooperative economy, others argue that globalization consequences are social inequalities and financial crisis. The challenge today is to decide whether the states should increase global trade or close their economies. Those political decisions are strongly influenced by social and public opinions; if individuals and other economic actors reject globalization, policies would be created to protect their national economies rather than maintaining the openness. History demonstrates how political actions of individual states clearly affect international trade and re lations; at the same time, those policies affect the behavior of economic actors in the international environment and foreign policy of other states. In a globalized world neither economic theories nor political theories alone can explain and predict the international system. IPE integrates both and is developing its theories to face the changes of the economies and politics of the globe. IPE has been forced to adopt new research methods and analytical tools to explain the new trends of the international arena. Today’s IPE theories have to include new units of analysis such as the role of international institutions and how policies affect particular groups. Today, we can differentiate between four IPE perspectives: international political (emphasizes the role of domestic policies), international economic (highlights global economic factors), domestic institutional (studies the role of the institutions of the state) and domestic societal (the role of sociopolitical actors). The most dominant approach today is the Open Economy Politics, which include new units of study such as the interest of particular groups, the role of institutions and the influence of one state’s decisions in other states’ behaviors. International Political Economy (IPE) is a â€Å"maturing interdiscipline† As we mentioned before, Political Economy, as the study of the interaction between economics and politics, is not new. However, during the past decades, changes in the global system have led to new and more developed studies, and IPE has emerged as new and renovated interdisciplinary field. IPE was born, as know it today, when scholars realized the importance to understand the simultaneous growth and conflict in international markets in the 60’s and 70’s. Since its birth, IPE has evolved and many different approaches have risen. On the one hand, the dependency theory was developed, which argues that the world is divided in a periphery (the poore st countries) that is dominated by the core (the most developed countries). On the other, the hegemonic stability theory was also created, which supports that the existence of a hegemonic power is necessary in other to control and stabilize a global economy. Another approach to IPE also emphasizes the importance of interest groups in trade policies. As we can notice, new perspectives and situations lead to different approaches. Today, the dominant approach is the Open Economy Politics (OEP), which incorporates new and more explicit variables to the study of the international political economy. OEP focuses in how individual or groups are affected by particular policies, how institutions aggregate conflicting societal interests and rule the political game, and how states negotiate when necessary to influence one another’s behavior. Therefore, we can see how IPE has grown and improved in the last decades to adjust their methods to changes in the global system. New tools and research methods have undoubtedly improved IPE outcomes. However, David Lake argues that it is not perfect, and there is a lot to improve. †For the same reasons that substantial intellectual progress has occurred in the past, I remain optimistic about the future of this emerging interdiscilpline† (Lake 2004) In conclusion, as long as the global political economy faces changes and new challenges, IPE has to adjust its methods in order to better explain international interactions and their influence in economy and politics. Although the IPE filed is rapidly developing nowadays, it can improve its theories. We also need to remember that globalization is changing our current system, and that even though IPE predicted this current era, it wasn’t as accurate as it could be. Many experts argue, for example, that globalization is increasing inequalities around the world and that more protectionist measures must be taken (Oatley p. 362). A better understanding and development of the IPE would help us understand and take decisions about our current economics and politics, and would help us predict the outcomes of those measures we take. As Jeffrey Frankel says, globalization is neither new nor very extensive; the same way IPE has been developing for years, it must keep emerging new theories and methods. IPE’s main contribution First of all, I want to emphasize that I do not consider IPE as a methodological approach, but a set of studies that attempt to explain international trade and politics; IPE is not a group of rules that countries and economies have to follow, but theories that help us explain the outcomes of our economic and political actions. Personally I do not think that any particular event or politic-economic decision is a direct outcome of IPE. Instead, what I think is that IPE is an essential social science that helps us to understand economic and institutional behavior in the international arena. IPE has showed us how politics and economics are not separate aspects of our society, but they are complementary and interdependent pieces of the international system. Although there is a lot to develop in the international political economy field, it has been able to predict outcomes of our political and economic decisions. Therefore, IPE does not directly tell us what policies we should apply, but show us the consequences of each one of them and help us to take decisions based on predictions. Also, IPE has showed us that our society is in continuous change; although there are many factors that are repeated throughout history, there are also new challenges that appear in each different period. The study of International Political Economy can better prepare us to face the new challenges of our society: the emerge of new powerful economies such as China and India and how their appearance will change international relations, the implications of the last global financial crisis, the roles of new social force and international institutions, and many others. Sources Oatley, Thomas. 2010. International Political Economy (4th Edition). New York: Longman. Frieden, Jeffry, David A. Lake, and Lawrence Broz, eds. 2009. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth (5th Edition). New York: Longman. Lake, David. International Political Economy: A Maturing Interdiscipline. Diss. University of California, 2004. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

Elderly Drivers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elderly Drivers - Essay Example Such as the requirement of a certificate of health from the family doctor at an arbitrary age, and subsequent re-assessment every two years or so, that occurs in Wiley [name the state]. Also, drawing on cross-cultural methods of subjective and standardized testing can provide further insights into what is required. For example, in New Zealand there is a combination of testing. Regular medical testing of people over 70 years takes place along with a driving test at two-yearly intervals after the age of 76. (Wolffelaar 151) The pioneers of motor transport did not foresee that driving would become such a universal and accessible skill. Indeed one of them, Carl Benz, thought that the market for the motor car would be limited. However, present day rising proportions of older people who drive has increased their involvement in road accidents. Longitudinal data from the USA illustrate the startling growth in the proportion of elderly drivers. For instance, in Wiley only 5.9% of drivers were over 60 in 1940, but this proportion rose to 7.4% in 1952 and to 11.4% in 1960. Point-prevalence figures show that there were approximately 14.4 million drivers over 65 years of age in the USA in 1983, and nearly 3 million over the age of 60 in the US in 1990. If present trends continue well over a third of drivers on US roads will be aged over 55 years by 2050. (Klamm, 87) The shift in demographics of driver age is important because the number of crashes and the severity of injuries by distance driven rise alarmingly after the age of 65, and resemble figures for 15-25-year-old people. The elderly are also more likely to die in car accidents; if pedestrians are included, motor accidents involving the elderly are the second most common cause for their admission to US emergency rooms and of accidental death. Although some commentators have suggested that the absolute risk of elderly drivers having accidents remains small, they tend to overlook the expected increase in the number of elderly drivers. Further accident statistics do not take into account modified driving practices, such as reduced mileage and avoidance of night driving, which likely confound the findings. (Klamm, 87) Ultimately, the US legislate against two of the dominant factors involved in road accidents: speeding and alcohol consumption (both associated with a third factor, inexperienced youth). It is contended here that the scrutiny of risk factors associated with motor crashes in the elderly is less intense. Difficulty may arise in convincing elderly drivers to submit to standardized tests, given that they and their families may be hesitant to risk the elder driver losing a primary mode of independence. However, it is both desirable and feasible to identify factors which place elderly people most at risk of driving accidents, and to ensure greater public safety on US roads. (Waller 65) Works Cited Klamm ER. Auto insurance: needs and problems of drivers 55 and over: Needs and Problems of Older Drivers: Falls Church, VA: AAA Foundation for Road Safety, 1985: p87 Shank GD. Qualitative Research: A Personal Skills Approach. Columbus, Merrill/Prentice Hall. 2002: 23 Wolffelaar PC. Age Differences in Divided Attention in a Simulated Caving Task: J